[1] Joseph R. Biden Jr. “Executive Order on Protection Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis” (The White House, Jan. 20, 2021), https://perma.cc/2J52-ADFQ.
[2] “Our Path to an All-Electric Future” (General Motors, 2022), https://perma.cc/U2Q4-VC86; David Shepardson, “GM Aims to End Sale of Gasoline, Diesel-powered Cars, SUVs, Light Trucks by 2035,” (Reuters, Jan. 28, 2021), https://perma.cc/MER9-2BJA.
[3] “The Fuel Tax and Alternatives for Transportation Funding, Special Report 285,” (Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2006), https://perma.cc/M7VT-8GJQ.
[4] Martin Schultz and Robert D. Atkinson, “Paying Our Way: A New Framework for Transportation Finance,” National Surface Transportation Infrastructure Financing Commission, Feb. 24, 2009, https://perma.cc/N7ZT-BXBG.
[5] “Electric Vehicle Outlook 2021” (Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2021), https://perma.cc/4WTX-8BTC.
[6] “Annual Energy Outlook 2021” (U.S. Energy Information Administration, Feb. 3, 2021), https://perma.cc/MVQ4-8VGA.
[7] MCL § 257.801(7)-(8).
[8] Asha Weinstein Agrawal, Hilary Nixon and Ashley M. Hooper, “Public Perception of Mileage-Based User Fees” (Transportation Research Board, 2016), https://perma.cc/6XTS-4RHR.
[9] For example, see Katy Grimes, “Big Brother in your car?” (CalWatchdog.com, April 8, 2010), https://perma.cc/X89G-V4Q2.
[10] For example, see Carl DeMaio, “New Tax on Your Mileage,” email blast to California taxpayers, May 22, 2019.
[11] “Historical Highest Marginal Income Tax Rates” (Tax Policy Center, Feb. 4, 2020), https://perma.cc/BWL6-Y9UK.
[12] Paul Egan and Kathleen Gray, “Michigan Voters Soundly Reject Proposal 1 Road Tax Plan” (Detroit Free Press, May 5, 2015), https://perma.cc/Z5ZT-V99P.
[13] Kathryn Jones and Maureen Bock, “Oregon’s Road Usage Charge: The OReGO Program, Final Report” (Oregon Department of Transportation, April 2017), chapter 8, https://perma.cc/HK5U-34G5.
[14] Robert W. Poole, Jr., “How a State Could Transition from Per-Gallon Taxes to Per-Mile Charges,” Reason Foundation, Sept. 17, 2019), https://perma.cc/JK24-XUR7.
[15] Robert W. Poole, Jr., “Rethinking America’s Highways” (University of Chicago Press, 2018), 182.
[16] “24th Conditions & Performance Report” (U.S. Department of Transportation), pages “TypRurPvmtCostsPerLM_2018-07-26” and “TypRurCapcCostsPerLM_2018-09-28.”
[17] “Alternative Approaches to Funding Highways,” Congressional Budget Office, March 2011), 8, https://perma.cc/8L3A-FUBK. Note that amounts were originally reported in 2000 dollars but were converted to September 2021 dollars.
[18] Robert Poole and Adrian T. Moore, “Restoring Trust in the Highway Trust Fund” (Reason Foundation, Aug. 3, 2010), https://perma.cc/9WLB-LX2L.
[19] Chris Douglas, “Roads in Michigan: Quality, Funding and Recommendations” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, 2018), 11-12, https://perma.cc/EX7R-P8LU.
[20] “Schedule A of the Act 51 Annual Report for 2020” (Michigan Department of Transportation), https://perma.cc/Q42J-3CZB.
[21] For example, see Carl DeMaio, “New Tax on Your Mileage,” email blast to California taxpayers, May 22, 2019.
[22] “Renewing the National Commitment to the Interstate Highway System” (Transportation Research Board, December 2018), https://perma.cc/PJY6-TLRD.
[23] Robert W. Poole, Jr., “The Case for Toll-Financed Interstate Replacement” (Reason Foundation, March 2019), https://perma.cc/94TS-2CTM.
[24] “Fast Facts 2021” (Michigan Department of Transportation, February 2021), https://perma.cc/V3CX-SPS6.
[25] Chanel Stitt, “Whitmer Gives Michigan Department of Transportation Green Light to Study Toll Roads” (Detroit Free Press, July 9, 2020), https://perma.cc/RH9R-CBCF.
[26] For more information, see “Toll Management for Fleets” (BestPass, Inc., 2022), https://perma.cc/5T4Y-CQ9A.
[27] Adrian Moore, email correspondence with Robert W. Poole, Jr., Feb. 24, 2022.