[1] Megan Kuhfeld et al., “Learning During COVID-19: Initial Findings on Student’s Reading and Math Achievement and Growth” (NWEA Research, Nov. 2020), 3, https://perma.cc/SEP3-R8CM; “What We've Learned about Unfinished Learning,” (Curriculum Associates, March 2021), v, https://perma.cc/7PSN-9AK2.
[2] Patrick J. Wolf, Jay P. Greene, Matthew Ladner and James D. Paul, “Education Freedom and Student Achievement: Is More School Choice Associated with Higher State-Level Performance on the NAEP?” (University of Arkansas, March 2021), 11-12, 15, https://perma.cc/B969-PR46.
[3] Patrick J. Wolf, Jay P. Greene, Matthew Ladner and James D. Paul, “Education Freedom and Student Achievement: Is More School Choice Associated with Higher State-Level Performance on the NAEP?” (University of Arkansas, March 2021), 14, https://perma.cc/B969-PR46.
[4] Authors’ calculations based on data from the Center for Educational Performance and Information.
[5] “Public Opinion Tracker” (EdChoice, April 7, 2022), https://perma.cc/J8TW-Q9UA; “Digest of Education Statistics: 2019” (National Center for Education Statistics,2019), Table 205.10, https://perma.cc/TA43-7BNS.
[6] Mich Const, art. VIII, § 2.
[7] “Public Opinion Tracker: Michigan” (EdChoice, April 7, 2022), https://perma.cc/G8KF-RWHE. The data reflect rolling 12-month results through April 7, 2022. The survey highlights the opinions of 963 voters, including a sample of 482 school parents.
[8] Patrick L. Anderson, Richard McLellan, Joseph P. Overton and Gary Wolfram, “The Universal Tuition Tax Credit: A Proposal to Advance Parental Choice in Education” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Nov. 13,1997), 2-3, https://perma.cc/3YP9-9AMP.
[9] “Extra Credit” (The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 5, 2001), https://perma.cc/M422-GA3V.
[10] See “Addendum” in Patrick L. Anderson, Richard McLellan, Joseph P. Overton and Gary Wolfram, “The Universal Tuition Tax Credit” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Nov. 13, 1997), https://perma.cc/A44G-DDU5.
[11] “West Virginia: Hope Scholarship Program” (EdChoice, 2022), https://perma.cc/W48Z-RBJ7.
[12] Jason Bedrick, Jonathan Butcher and Clint Bolick, “Taking Credit for Education: How to Fund Education Savings Accounts through Tax Credits” (Cato Institute, Jan. 20, 2016), https://perma.cc/V8LK-T2CS.
[13] “Kentucky: Education Opportunity Account Program” (EdChoice, 2022, https://perma.cc/7AXT-A37M.
[14] See “School Choice in America Dashboard” (EdChoice, 2022), https://perma.cc/8GQW-V9AN.
[15] “The 123s of School Choice” (EdChoice, April 1, 2022), https://perma.cc/8BLH-88XE.
[16] Martin F. Lueken, “Fiscal Effects of School Choice: Analyzing the Costs and Savings of Private School Choice Programs in America, (EdChoice, November 2021), 3, https://perma.cc/8BNJ-BZNT.
[17] Martin F. Lueken, “Fiscal Effects of School Choice: Analyzing the Costs and Savings of Private School Choice Programs in America, (EdChoice, November 2021), 4, https://perma.cc/8BNJ-BZNT.
[18] Martin F. Lueken, “Fiscal Effects of School Choice: Analyzing the Costs and Savings of Private School Choice Programs in America, (EdChoice, November 2021), 11, https://perma.cc/8BNJ-BZNT.
[19] Jason Bedrick and Ed Tarnowski, “Who’s Afraid of School Choice? Examining the Validity and Intensity of Predictions by School Choice Opponents, (EdChoice, December 2021), https://perma.cc/M6KC-6ENM.
[20] “Pupil Membership History: FY 1994-95 to FY 2021-22” (Michigan Senate Fiscal Agency, Jan. 20, 2021), https://perma.cc/JFR4-QE6U.
[21] Benjamin Scafidi, “The Fiscal Effects of School Choice Programs on Public School Districts” (The Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, March 2012), https://perma.cc/T2BX-YFED.
[22] Benjamin Scafidi, “The Fiscal Effects of School Choice Programs on Public School Districts” (The Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, March 2012), 13, https://perma.cc/T2BX-YFED.
[23] "Michigan School District: Extra COVID Funds Breakdown" (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, December 2021), https://perma.cc/P2WD-JC9U.
[24] Matt Barnum, "Schools Got Record COVID Money for Teacher Jobs, Building Upgrades. Why Haven't They Spent It?" (USA Today, March 18, 2022), https://perma.cc/Q8KZ-HAQ2; Melissa Frick, "Grand Rapids Public Schools Struggling To Spend Federal Dollars Ahead of Deadline" (MLive, Feb. 13, 2022), https://perma.cc/4NTJ-86R8.
[25] Tom Gantert, "Debt-Ridden Flint Schools To Give Each Employee $22k in Federal COVID-19 Money" (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Feb. 21, 2022), https://perma.cc/6G7V-HFJQ.
[26] Martin F. Lueken and Benjamin Scafidi, “Myth: School Choice Siphons Money Away From Public Schools and Harms Taxpayers” in Corey A. DeAngelis and Neal P. McCluskey, eds., School Choice Myths: Setting the Record Straight on Education Freedom (Cato Institute, 2020).
[27] “Student-based Allocation: Doling Out Dollars Based on Student Needs,” (Edunomics Lab, Georgetown University, 2022), https://perma.cc/AM6K-5CNU.
[28] Author's calculations based on 2020-21 National Public Education Financial Survey data.
[29] Ben DeGrow, “How School Funding Works in Michigan: The Foundation Allowance” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, July 19, 2017), https://perma.cc/XV39-CUUL.
[30] MCL § 388.1606(4)(i),(x).
[31] "Summary: Executive Budget Recommendation for Fiscal Year 2018-19" (Michigan House Fiscal Agency, Feb. 15, 2018), https://perma.cc/8LZG-8QEC; "Summary: Executive Budget Recommendation for Fiscal Year 2022-23" (Michigan House Fiscal Agency, Feb. 2, 2022), https://perma.cc/4GLB-7PMS.
[32] MCL § 206.51(2). See also "Distribution and Earmarking of Michigan's Major State Taxes" (Michigan Senate Fiscal Agency, May 2020), https://perma.cc/PN9A-ZCM7.
[33] “Student Opportunity Scholarship, S.B. 687 (S-1) & 688 (S-1): Summary as Passed by the Senate” (Michigan Senate Fiscal Agency, Oct. 25, 2021), https://perma.cc/67AP-AWUG.
[34] Jason Bedrick, Jonathan Butcher and Clint Bolick, “Taking Credit for Education: How to Fund Education Savings Accounts through Tax Credits” (Cato Institute, Jan. 20, 2016), https://perma.cc/V8LK-T2CS.
[35] “Student Opportunity Scholarship, S.B. 687 (S-1) & 688 (S-1): Summary as Passed by the Senate” (Michigan Senate Fiscal Agency, Oct. 25, 2021), 8, https://perma.cc/67AP-AWUG.