1 Ben DeGrow, “Accessing Better Detroit Schools Out of Reach for Some” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Oct. 31, 2018), https://perma.cc/F7Z5-CCYF.
2 “Pupil Membership History” (Michigan Senate Fiscal Agency, Jan. 14, 2019), https://perma.cc/YT52-VJPA.
3 Author’s calculations based on data from the Michigan Department of Education.
4 Ibid.
5 Joshua Cowen, Benjamin Creed and Venessa Keesler, “Dynamic Participation in Inter‐District Open Enrollment: Evidence from Michigan 2005-2013” (The Education Policy Center at Michigan State University, July 2015), 9–11, https://perma.cc/4SBG-LGZY.
6 Mich Const, Art. VIII, § 2.
7 Matthew M. Chingos and Kristin Blagg, “Who Could Benefit From School Choice? Mapping Access to Public and Private Schools,” Education Next (April 3, 2017): 1–11, https://perma.cc/ TD44-AM6P.
8 MCL § 380.1756; Linda Forward, “Requirement and Funding for Specialized Transportation Services” (Michigan Department of Education, July 23, 2015), https://perma.cc/Z3RM-2CSW.
9 James M. Hohman and Chase Slasinski, “Michigan School Privatization Survey 2018” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Oct. 18, 2018), https://perma.cc/FG3Q-3RBH.
10 Author’s calculations based on “School Bus Inspection Report for School Year 2017/2018” (Michigan State Police, 2018), https://perma.cc/4X4H-JCGW.
11 “Table 236.90: Students Transported at Public Expense and Current Expenditures for Transporation: Selected Years, 1929-30 through 2014-15,” in Digest of Education Statistics: 2017 (U.S. Department of Education, 2018), https://perma.cc/5LN4-ET4X.
12 Author’s calculations based on data from the National Public Education Financial Survey published by the U.S. Department of Education.
13 Ibid.
14 Paul Teske, Jody Fitzpatrick and Tracey O’Brien, “Drivers of Choice: Parents, Transportation, and School Choice” (Center on Reinventing Public Education, July 2009), 19, https://perma.cc/ C5V3-3NBY.
15 Ibid., 19, 25-26.
16 Patrick Denice and Betheny Gross, “Going the Distance: Understand the Benefits of a Long Commute to School” (Urban Institute, Oct. 2018), 1, https://perma.cc/A349-AUDJ.
17 Sarah A. Cordes and Amy Ellen Schwartz, “Does Pupil Transportation Close the School Quality Gap?: Evidence from New York City” (Urban Institute, Oct. 2018), 1–2, https://perma.cc/MDE9-XP5P.
18 Kristin Blagg, Victoria Rosenboom and Matthew M. Chingos, “The Extra Mile: Time to School and Student Outcomes in Washington, DC” (Urban Institute, Sept. 2018), https://perma.cc/8FEM-5TDL.
19 Andrew Myers, “Mapping the Connection Between Public Transportation and School Absenteeism” (Johns Hopkins University School of Education, May 15, 2019), https://perma.cc/U8TS-XXYW.
20 Betheny Gross, “Going the Extra Mile for School Choice,” Education Next 19, no. 4 (2019), https://perma.cc/8NCT-JG5A.
21 “Choices & Voices” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Sept. 6, 2018), https://perma.cc/GEN8-W3UJ.
22 “Schools of Choice Transportation Considerations” (Michigan Department of Education, Feb. 7, 2019), https://perma.cc/X3WZ-2G35.
23 Ben DeGrow, “A Survey of Michigan Parents Who Use School Choice” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Sept. 17, 2017), https://perma.cc/DFV3-M3DF.
24 “Transportation” (Detroit Public Schools Community District), https://perma.cc/C3PX-KCCN.
25 “The Road to School: How Far Students Travel to School in the Choice-Rich Cities of Denver, Detroit, New Orleans, New York City, and Washington, DC” (Urban Institute, March 2018), 19, https://perma.cc/AVB6-3KZ5.
26 Joshua Cowen et al., “Motor City Miles: Student Travel to Schools in and around Detroit” (Urban Institute, Oct. 2018), 29, https://perma.cc/TPU7-BEXT.
27 Ibid., 6, 20.
28 Ashley Jochim et al., “How Parents Experience Public School Choice” (Center for Reinventing Public Education, Dec. 2014), 20–21, https://perma.cc/ZZ3Z-M9ZK.
29 Joshua Cowen et al., “Motor City Miles: Student Travel to Schools in and around Detroit” (Urban Institute, Oct. 2018), 30, https://perma.cc/TPU7-BEXT.
30 Jennifer Chambers, “No Evidence yet Bus Loop Enticing Students to Return to Detroit Schools,” The Detroit News, Jan. 15, 2019, https://perma.cc/PS8L-HCZY; Koby Levin, “Mayor Duggan Launched a Bus Route to Draw Students Back to Detroit Schools. Is It Working?” (Chalkbeat, March 21, 2019), https://perma.cc/VZV3-U5DR; Jennifer Chambers, “Detroit Transit Loop Expands List of Schools, Programs,” The Detroit News, July 12, 2019, https://perma.cc/N4HJ-RJNU.
31 Todd Ely and Paul Teske, “Success Express: Transportation Innovation in Denver Public Schools” (Center for Education Policy Analysis, Feb. 2014), 18–22, https://perma.cc/CPA2-DR2V.
32 Ibid., 15-17.
33 “School Transport Assistance Scheme” (The State of Queensland, 2019), https://perma.cc/C9HZ-DXJR.
34 “About the School Student Transport Scheme” (New South Wales Government, 2016), https://perma.cc/R3XQ-KKA7.
35 “School Transport Assistance Scheme” (Queensland Government, Feb. 2019), https://perma.cc/8VJQ-C9EZ.
36 “School Drive Subsidy” (New South Wales Government, 2016), https://perma.cc/U4M7-83U2.
37 MCL § 380.1321.
38 MCL § 257.1810.
39 For more information, see: Lora Kolodny, “This Ride-Hailing Service Will Pick up Your Kids Where School Buses Don’t Go” (CNBC, Nov. 21, 2017), https://perma.cc/D2TE-VRX5.
40 For more information, see: Jingjing Jiang, “More Americans Are Using Ride-Hailing Apps” (Pew Research Center, Jan. 4, 2019), https://perma.cc/E5SJ-ND2Z.
41 Glenn Ashley, “Transportation Voucher Program Basics” (Michigan Developmental Disabilities Council), https://perma.cc/CL5J-SBXL.
42 “Transportation Voucher Replication Handbook” (Michigan Developmental Disabilities Council, Oct. 2008), 32–33, https://perma.cc/9M9R-2ZDL.
43 For more information, see: “Fast Facts: Education Freedom Scholarships” (U.S. Department of Education, Feb. 28, 2019), https://perma.cc/UZ2T-GELN.
