1 Michael LaFaive and Michael Hicks, “MEGA: A Retrospective Assessment” (Midland, MI: Mackinac Center for Public Policy, April 12, 2005), Appendix E, https://perma.cc/F2Y4-TUKH.
2 “Michigan Economic Development Corporation: An Overview for Joint Select Committee on Economic Growth,” PowerPoint (Senate Fiscal Agency, Aug. 23, 2006), https://perma.cc/P2T8-5MC9.
3 MCL § 2.102a.
4 Ben Gielczyk, “Pure Michigan Tourism Marketing Campaign” (Michigan House Fiscal Agency, Oct. 29, 2015), https://perma. cc/VQ4G-CUXB.
5 Michael D. LaFaive, “A Brief History of State Economic Development” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Oct. 6, 2005), https://perma.cc/VW3L-LJZS.
6 Ben Gielczyk, “Pure Michigan Tourism Marketing Campaign” (Michigan House Fiscal Agency, Oct. 29, 2015), 2, https://perma. cc/VQ4G-CUXB.
7 Ibid.
8 John Deskins and Matthew Seevers, “Are State Expenditures to Promote Tourism Effective,” Journal of Travel Research 50, no. 2 (2011): 158, https://perma.cc/NKJ8-H3V5.
9 This calculation was performed by James Hohman, assistant director of fiscal policy, using data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the State of Michigan.
10 John Deskins and Matthew Seevers, “Are State Expenditures to Promote Tourism Effective,” Journal of Travel Research 50, no. 2 (2011): 158, https://perma.cc/NKJ8-H3V5. Calculations performed by James Hohman, assistant director of fiscal policy, using data from U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.
11 John Deskins and Matthew Seevers, “Are State Expenditures to Promote Tourism Effective,” Journal of Travel Research 50, no. 2 (2011): 154, https://perma.cc/NKJ8-H3V5.
12 “Tourism Advertising Evaluation and Image Study” (Michigan Economic Development Corporation, 2016), https://perma. cc/BKD8-NC7Z.
13 “Purchase Order - PO#: PO-3260” (Michigan Economic Development Corporation, Oct. 20, 2014), https://perma. cc/Y5CZ-LZDU; “Michigan Economic Development Corporation Professional Services Contracts with Longwoods International, LTD.” (Michigan Economic Development Corporation), https://perma.cc/78F7-K4SM.
14 Maria Mendez, “Notice of Intent to Purchase” (Michigan Economic Development Corporation, Aug. 25, 2010), 2, https://perma.cc/B9KX-8P6W.
15 Ibid.
16 “Longwoods International Accountability Research” (Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Visitors and Convention Bureau, Aug. 2002), https://perma.cc/7C7P-Q8LP.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 “Quantifying the Bottom Line Value of Events and Sponsorships in the Context of Brand Advertising” (Longwoods International, Sept. 20, 2007), https://perma.cc/Z8YV-CRST.
20 Bill Siegel, “What Happens When You Stop Marketing: The Rise and Fall of Colorado Tourism” (Longwoods International, March 18, 2009), 11, https://perma.cc/H47A-MQA8.
21 “2014 North Carolina Image and Advertising Accountability Research” (Longwoods International, Jan. 2015), 114, https://perma.cc/5XQC-PQZ5.
22 Jeff Murray, “Consultant: Finger Lakes Wine Country Advertising Campaign Well Worth the Investment” (Longwoods International, Feb. 28, 2011), https://perma.cc/7BNG-WBUQ.
23 “The Art of Collaboration” (Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation, 2012), 7, https://perma.cc/AY36-542S.
24 Jeri Clausing, “New Mexico Tourism Says New $1.2 Million Advertising Campaign Yielded a 3-to-1 Return,” Times Colonist, Dec. 19, 2012, https://perma.cc/MMD4-PFZY.
25 These were projections made by Longwoods. “Funding Connecticut’s Tourism Promotion: A White Paper” (Connecticut Department of Economic & Community Development, May 2012), https://perma.cc/8GQKAVM3.
26 “TourismOhio Marketing Returns $15 for Every Dollar Invested” (Ohio Department of Development, March 21, 2013), https://perma.cc/BBJ7-293X.
27 “2014 West Virginia Image and Advertising Accountability Research” (Longwoods International, Nov. 2014), 125, https://perma.cc/S9QF-Z85B.
28 “Minnesota 2013 Tourism Advertising Evaluation and Image Study” (Longwoods International, March 31, 2014), https://perma.cc/8S5H-ELSX.
29 “New Mexico Tourism Advertising ROI Study” (Longwoods Interntional, July 2015), 10, https://perma.cc/4TF3-HHQA.
30 “2014 North Carolina Image and Advertising Accountability Research” (Longwoods International, Jan. 2015), 114, https://perma.cc/5XQC-PQZ5.
31 John L. Crompton, “Economic Impact Studies: Instruments for Political Shenanigans?,” Journal Article, Journal of Travel Research 45, no. August (2006): 70, https://perma.cc/H7RF-4VT6.
32 “Michigan 2015 Tourism Advertising Evaluation and Image Study” (Longwoods International, April 2016), 60, https://perma.cc/P85Q-RGYS.
33 Ibid., 5-7.
34 John Deskins and Matthew Seevers, “Are State Expenditures to Promote Tourism Effective,” Journal of Travel Research 50, no. 2 (2011): 154–170, https://perma.cc/NKJ8-H3V5.
35 Ibid., 156.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid., 154.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid., 166.
41 Nada Kulendran and Larry Dwyer, “Measuring the Return from Australian Tourism Marketing Expenditure,” Journal of Travel Research 47, no. 3 (2009): 275–284, https://perma.cc/ Z4CM-HXKL.
42 Hanquin Qiu Zhang, Nada Kulendran and Haiyan Song, “Measuring Returns on Hong Kong’s Tourism Marketing Expenditure,” Tourism Economics 16, no. 4 (2010): 853, https://perma.cc/5T3M-QKQU.
43 Haiyan Song, professor of tourism, School of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, email correspondence with Michael LaFaive, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Nov. 11, 2015.
44 John L. Crompton, “Economic Impact Studies: Instruments for Political Shenanigans?,” Journal Article, Journal of Travel Research 45, August (2006): 75–76, https://perma.cc/H7RF-4VT6.
45 Michael J. Hicks and Kristy L. Wilburn, “The Regional Impact of Wal-Mart Entrance: A Panel Study of the Retail Trade Sector in West Virginia,” The Review of Regional Studies 31, no. 3 (2001): 305–313, https://perma.cc/CE9P-VZAM; Luc Anselin, “Spatial Econometrics,” in A Companion to Theoretical Econometrics (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2001), 310–330, https://perma.cc/ EGR5-56K2.
46 Hamparsum Bozdogan, “Akaike’s Information Criterion and Recent Developments in Information Complexity,” Journal of Mathematical Psychology 44, no. 1 (2000): 62–91, https://perma.cc/86E2-2ZAG.
47 Author’s calculation based on data from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and Reis.
48 M. Hashem Pesaran, “Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with Multifactor Error Structure,” Econometrica 74, no. 4 (March 2006): 967–1012, https://perma.cc/47TD-XSSM.
49 Badi H. Baltagi, Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, Vasa, Third Edit. (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005), https://perma.cc/ 7KUA-7EGA; Luc Anselin, “Spatial Econometrics,” in A Companion to Theoretical Econometrics (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2001), 310–330, https://perma.cc/EGR5-56K2.
50 Michael J. Hicks and Kristy L. Wilburn, “The Regional Impact of Wal-Mart Entrance: A Panel Study of the Retail Trade Sector in West Virginia,” The Review of Regional Studies 31, no. 3 (2001): 305–313, https://perma.cc/CE9P-VZAM; Michael J. Hicks, “A Quasi-Experimental Test of Large Retail Store Impacts on Regional Labor Markets: The Case of Cabela’s Retail Outlets,” Journal Article, Journal of Regional Analysis & Policy 37, no. 2 (2007): 116–122, https://perma.cc/2U86-48JE.
51 Halbert White, “A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity,” Econometrica 48, no. 4 (1980): 817–838, https://perma.cc/UES5-UBKS.
52 M. Hashem Pesaran, “Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with Multifactor Error Structure,” Econometrica 74, no. 4 (March 2006): 967–1012, https://perma.cc/47TD-XSSM.