1 “Union Membership (Annual) News Release” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Jan. 19, 2023), https://perma.cc/7CFG-VAZT.
2 “Union Membership (Annual) News Release” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Jan. 19, 2023), https://perma.cc/7CFG-VAZT.
3 “Union Membership (Annual) News Release” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Jan. 19, 2018), https://perma.cc/CGV4-Y5HP.
4 “Union Membership (Annual) News Release” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Jan. 19, 2018), https://perma.cc/CGV4-Y5HP; “Union Membership (Annual) News Release” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Jan. 19, 2023), https://perma.cc/7CFG-VAZT.
5 “Union Membership (Annual) News Release” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Jan. 19, 2018), https://perma.cc/CGV4-Y5HP; “Union Membership (Annual) News Release” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Jan. 19, 2023), https://perma.cc/7CFG-VAZT.
6 Author’s calculations based on Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson and William E. Even, “Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by State and Sector, 1983-2022” (Unionstats.com, 2023), https://www.unionstats.com.
7 Author’s calculations based on Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson and William E. Even, “Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by State and Sector, 1983-2022” (Unionstats.com, 2023), https://www.unionstats.com.
8 Priya M. Brannick and Andrew Holman, “The Battle for Worker Freedom in the States: Grading State Public Sector Labor Laws,” third edition (Commonwealth Foundation, September 2022), 15-16, https://perma.cc/4UDV-G6FR.
9 Author’s calculations based on Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson and William E. Even, “Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by State and Sector, 1983-2022” (Unionstats.com, 2023), https://www.unionstats.com.
10 Priya M. Brannick and Andrew Holman, “The Battle for Worker Freedom in the States: Grading State Public Sector Labor Laws,” third edition (Commonwealth Foundation, September 2022), 15-16, https://perma.cc/4UDV-G6FR.
11 Author’s calculations based on Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson and William E. Even, “Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by State and Sector, 1983-2022” (Unionstats.com, 2023), https://www.unionstats.com.
12 Maxford Nelson, “Measuring Public-Sector Union Membership After Janus” (Freedom Foundation, June 2019), https://perma.cc/AK4V-2DZ9.
13 “Union Membership (Annual) News Release” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Jan. 19, 2023), https://perma.cc/7CFG-VAZT.
14 For more information, see: “Form 990 Resources and Tools” (Internal Revenue Service, Feb. 8, 2023), https://perma.cc/9KDU-JBYV.
15 For more information, see: “Form LM-1 Labor Organization Information Report and Forms LM-2, LM-3, and LM-4 Labor Organization Annual Reports” (U.S. Department of Labor, April 28, 2023), https://perma.cc/8DDX-WTW6.
16 “Instructions For Form LM-2 Labor Organization Annual Report” (U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards, April 2020), 2, https://perma.cc/Z3ZW-8YKG.
17 Author’s calculations based on Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson and William E. Even, “Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by State and Sector, 1983-2022” (Unionstats.com, 2023), https://www.unionstats.com.
18 Author’s calculations based on “Union Members — 2018” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Jan. 18, 2019), https://perma.cc/9235-RRDM; “Union Members — 2022” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Jan. 19, 2023), https://perma.cc/ 8QQT-JA86.
19 Holly Wetzel, “More Than 140,000 Michiganders Have Left Their Unions Since 2012” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Dec. 12, 2022), https://perma.cc/H9GS-VCC6.
20 “Staffing Count” (MI School Data), https://perma.cc/4EH4-PNYS.
21 Author’s calculations based on annual workforce reports published by the Michigan Civil Service Commission, available here: https://perma.cc/C9GQ-H7M4.
22 “Forty-Third Annual Workforce Report, Fiscal Year 2021-22” (Michigan Civil Service Commission), https://perma.cc/C9UG-9NMZ.
23 Valerie Strauss, “Who is financing Supreme Court case against public-sector unions (including those representing teachers)” (The Washington Post, June 12, 2018), https://perma.cc/N3JN-SDZR.
24 Eliza Newlin Carney, “The Teacher Paradox: Educators Organize Under Fire” (The American Prospect, July 12, 2018), https://perma.cc/CRA2-C58W.
25 Caitlin Emma and Mel Leonor, “Teachers unions skirt political blow from Janus ruling ahead of midterms” (POLITICO, Nov. 1, 2018), https://perma.cc/T4GC-2UTJ.
26 Carolyn Phenicie, “It’s Been One Year Since the Supreme Court Heard the Janus Case. The Lawsuits Challenging Unions Aren’t Anywhere Near Over” (The 74, March 5, 2019), https://perma.cc/9NQW-LKQA.
27 AFSCME Staff, “The Numbers Are In: AFSCME Members Are Sticking with Their Union” (AFSCME, March 27, 2019), https://perma.cc/8W2Q-RRTS.