1 Manny Lopez, “Videos: Union Right-to-Work Protest Goes Violent” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Dec. 11, 2012), https://perma.cc/7T2C-NNHM.
2 Jack Spencer, “Michigan is a Right-to-Work State” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Dec. 11, 2012), https://perma.cc/U5U3-CQL5. According to Ballotpedia, unions, such as AFSCME, UAW and MEA, were among the top donors to Rep. Douglas Geiss’s election campaigns in 2008, 2010 and 2012. “Douglas Geiss” (Ballotpedia), https://perma.cc/J9DU-KETM.
3 Jonathan Oosting, “Gov. Gretchen Whitmer’s to-do list: gun control, tax cuts, Right-to-Work repeal” (Bridge Michigan, Nov. 16, 2022), https://perma.cc/TD8C-7HGY.
4 “Michigan Senate Bill No. 116” (State of Michigan, Dec. 11, 2012), § 14, https://perma.cc/584Y-H4BC.
5 Communications Workers of America v. Beck, 487 U.S. 735 (1988). For more information, see Robert P. Hunter, “Why Beck Rights Are Important To Workers” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, May 1, 1997), https://perma.cc/5HN8-8YPZ.
6 “National Labor Relations Act (1935)” (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Nov. 22, 2021), https://perma.cc/ 32BN-SRT3.
7 Willett H. Parr, Jr., “The Taft-Hartley Law” (Indiana Law Journal, vol. 23, no. 1, 1947), https://perma.cc/3G32-X9V5.
8 Benjamin Collins, “Right to Work Laws: Legislative Background and Empirical Research” (Congressional Research Service, Jan. 6, 2014), https://perma.cc/62GL-K7JK; “Right to Work States Timeline” (National Right To Work Committee, 2022), https://perma.cc/QGP2-PDKK.
9 Janus v. AFSCME, 138 S. Ct. 2448, 2486 (2018).
10 Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748 (1970).
11 Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 421 (1986).
12 La Rae G. Munk, “Michigan’s Public Employment Relations Act” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Aug. 1, 1998), https://perma.cc/Q5HC-6J6R.
13 La Rae G. Munk, “Michigan’s Public Employment Relations Act” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Aug. 1, 1998), https://perma.cc/Q5HC-6J6R.
14 La Rae G. Munk, “Michigan’s Public Employment Relations Act” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Aug. 1, 1998), https://perma.cc/8LAG-VVSR.
15 Molly Ball, “Rick Snyder Explains Himself—Sort Of” (The Atlantic, Dec. 14, 2012), https://perma.cc/E5WD-865Q.
16 Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson, “State: Union Membership, Coverage, Density, and Employment by State and Sector, 1983-2021” (Unionstats.com, 2022), https://www.union stats.com.
17 Jack Spencer, “Michigan is a Right-to-Work State” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Dec. 11, 2012), https://perma.cc/U5U3-CQL5.
18 Manny Lopez, “Videos: Union Right-to-Work Protest Goes Violent” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Dec. 11, 2012), https://perma.cc/7T2C-NNHM.
19 Jarrett Skorup, “‘We’ll Be At Your Daughter’s Soccer Game!’” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Dec. 14, 2012), https://perma.cc/4TLA-NM9D.
20 Willett H. Parr, Jr., “The Taft-Hartley Law” (Indiana Law Journal, vol. 23, no. 1, 1947), 17, https://perma.cc/3G32-X9V5.
21 James Sherk, “Unelected Representatives: 94 percent of Union Members Never Voted for a Union” (The Heritage Foundation, August 30, 2016), https://perma.cc/45XY-268J.
22 Jarrett Skorup, “The ‘freeloader’ myth in the right-to-work debate” (The Hill, Dec. 10, 2022), https://perma.cc/S78X-96BH.
23 “Public Policy Priorities for Partner Unions” (AFSCME, AFT, NEA and SEIU), https://perma.cc/2D5M-NB7B.
24 Joseph G. Lehman, “Summary of Survey Findings” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Sept. 1, 2004), https://perma.cc/6WX2-CDY4.
25 “Former UAW Official Sentenced to 57 Months in Prison For Embezzling Over $2 Million in Union Funds” (U.S. Department of Justice, July 26, 2022), https://perma.cc/MJ9E-AJ2N.
26 Noam Scheiber and Neal E. Boudette, “Behind a U.A.W. Crisis: Lavish Meals and Luxury Villas” (The New York Times, Dec. 26, 2019), https://perma.cc/K5Z7-XMWR.
27 Jordyn Grzelewski, “UAW reports membership drop for 2021; expenses tied to corruption scandal continue” (The Detroit News, April 1, 2022), https://perma.cc/A2M7-JS7P.
28 A brief summary of dues skim and its connection to right to work can be found here: Jarrett Skorup, “How Right-to-Work and the End of the 'Dues Skim' Killed the SEIU in Michigan” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Nov. 20, 2017), https://perma.cc/PSC9-WLZ8.
29 Jarrett Skorup, “Despite Collapse in Membership, SEIU Poised to Go All-In in Michigan” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, March 4, 2020), https://perma.cc/7MKW-727Q.
30 “Thirty-Third Annual Workforce Report: Fiscal Year 2011-12” (Michigan Civil Service Commission), Table 5-1, https://perma. cc/YSJ9-VB6G.
31 “Annual Workforce Report: Fiscal Year 2021-22” (Michigan Civil Service Commission), Table 5-1, https://perma.cc/VJW5-PPDG.
32 Janus v. AFSCME, 138 S. Ct. 2448, 2463-64 (2018).
33 Thomas Jefferson, “A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, June 18, 1779, https://perma.cc/AV5C-LD4V.
34 F. Vincent Vernuccio, “Protecting the Secret Ballot: The Dangers of Union Card Check” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Oct. 22, 2019), 4-6, https://perma.cc/6TR9-L9BV.
35 James Sherk, “Right to Work Increases Jobs and Choices” (The Heritage Foundation, Nov. 9, 2011), 2, https://perma.cc/ L326-WCHU.
36 “Right to Work’s Documented Economic Benefits” (National Right to Work Committee, Sept. 27, 2019), https://perma.cc/ 3FDL-EP7B; “Right To Work Benefits” (National Institute for Labor Relations Research, Spring 2021), https://perma.cc/ T2EH-VWNT.
37 William T. Wilson, “The Effect of Right-to-Work Laws on Economic Development” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, June 5, 2002), 1-2, https://perma.cc/QJC3-7YDR.
38 Paul Kersey, “The Economic Effects of Right-To-Work Laws: 2007” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Aug. 28, 2007), https://perma.cc/M8Y9-DVUY; James Hohman, “The Right-to-Work Advantage in Economic Growth: A Look at Past Performance” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, April 28, 2008), https://perma.cc/LV25-S68B.
39 Richard Vedder, “Right-To-Work Laws: Liberty, Prosperity, and Quality of Life” Cato Journal 30, no. 1 (Winter 2010), https://perma.cc/RCT2-X795.
40 Michael D. LaFaive and Todd Nesbit, “The Impact of Right-to-Work Laws: A Spatial Analysis of Border Counties” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, April 15, 2022), 5, https://perma.cc/ G9WH-283A.
41 Michael D. LaFaive and Todd Nesbit, “The Impact of Right-to-Work Laws: A Spatial Analysis of Border Counties” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, April 15, 2022), 2, https://perma.cc/ G9WH-283A.
42 Michael D. LaFaive and Todd Nesbit, “The Impact of Right-to-Work Laws: A Spatial Analysis of Border Counties” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, April 15, 2022), 2, https://perma.cc /G9WH-283A.
43 Christos Andreas Makridis, “Do Right-to-Work Laws Work? Evidence on Individual Well-being and Economic Sentiment” Journal of Law and Economics 62, no. 2: 713-745, https://perma.cc/G2XA-GZWL.
44 Lindsay VanHulle, “Little changes after a year right-to-work laws were passed” (The Livingston Daily, Dec. 9, 2013), https://perma.cc/2P6K-4TDW.
45 Lindsay VanHulle, “Little changes after a year right-to-work laws were passed” (The Livingston Daily, Dec. 9, 2013), https://perma.cc/2P6K-4TDW.
46 Lydia DePillis, “Why Harris v. Quinn isn’t as bad for workers as it sounds” (The Washington Post, July 1, 2014), https://perma.cc/WU9D-XQZQ.
47 Jarrett Skorup, “Polls on Michigan’s Right-to-Work Law” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Jan. 3, 2023), https://perma.cc/4UZM-K967.