1 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), ii, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK.
2 “On Uneven Ground: ALICE and Financial Hardship in the U.S.” (United Way of Northern New Jersey, Dec. 2020), 1, https://perma.cc/5XNA-E72M.
3 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), 1,4, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK.
4 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), 3–4, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK.
5 “About Us: Overview” (United Way of Northern ew Jersey, 2021), https://perma.cc/LD6P-FZDD; “The 15 Richest Counties in the U.S.” (U.S. News, Dec. 11, 2020), https://perma.cc/8US3-KVAS.
6 “Research Center: All Reports” (United Way of Northern New Jersey, 2021), https://perma.cc/E96L-SKSM.
7 Marialuisa Rincon, “United Way Report Sheds Light on Poverty in Montgomery County” (AP News, Feb. 20, 2019), https://perma .cc/KH8U-XWWJ. A Newspapers.com search for “assets limited, income constrained, employed” returns more than 900 results.
8 “About Us: Sponsors” (United Way of Northern New Jersey, 2021), https://perma.cc/RTQ9-V9AR.
9 Governor Gretchen Whitmer, “Executive Order 2019-19” (State of Michigan, Dec. 18, 2019), https://perma.cc/6XQR-NDH4.
10 ALICE datasheet for Michigan, available at https://www.unitedforalice.org/michigan.
11 “ALICE Research Methodology: Overview & Rationale” (United for ALICE, Aug. 2020), 15–16, https://perma.cc/BMZ7-SY7J.
12 “ALICE Research Methodology: Overview & Rationale” (United for ALICE, Aug. 2020), 16, https://perma.cc/BMZ7-SY7J; U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Table B19037.
13 ALICE datasheet for Michigan, available at https://www.unitedforalice.org/michigan.
14 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Table B19037.
15 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), 4, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK.
16 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), 3, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK.
17 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), 4,11, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK.
18 “ALICE Research Methodology: Overview & Rationale” (United for ALICE, Aug. 2020), 3–4, https://perma.cc/BMZ7-SY7J.
19 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), 4, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK.
20 Ibid.
21 “ALICE Research Methodology: Overview & Rationale” (United for ALICE, Aug. 2020), 7–8, https://perma.cc/BMZ7-SY7J; Bree Fowler, “Best Low-Cost Cell Phone Plans” (Consumer Reports, Feb. 27, 2021), https://perma.cc/L5UT-XFQJ.
22 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), 4, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK.
23 “ALICE Research Methodology: Overview & Rationale” (United for ALICE, Aug. 2020), 4, https://perma.cc/BMZ7-SY7J.
24 Andrea Carlson et al., “Thrifty Food Plan, 2006” (U.S. Department of Agriculture, April 2007), https://perma.cc /6GAR-DDLK.
25 Ibid., 11.
26 Ibid.
27 “ALICE Michigan: Study of Financial Hardship” (Michigan Association of United Ways, Sept. 2014), 30, https://perma.cc/9RRD-MKXB; “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), 4, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK.
28 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2019), 4, https://perma.cc/4GSH-NA4B; “ALICE Michigan: Study of Financial Hardship” (Michigan Association of United Ways, Sept. 2014), 26, https://perma.cc /9RRD-MKXB.
29 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2019), 4, https://perma.cc/4GSH-NA4B.
30 See, for example, “United Way Report Shows Nearly Half of Michigan Families Struggle to Make Ends Meet” (United Way of Southwestern Michigan, March 21, 2019), https://perma.cc /QT73-53BA.
31 “ALICE Michigan: Study of Financial Hardship” (Michigan Association of United Ways, Sept. 2014), 30, https://perma.cc /9RRD-MKXB; “ALICE Michigan: Study of Financial Hardship” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2017), 16, https://perma.cc/5KUF-ZBRJ; “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2019), 4, https://perma.cc/4GSH-NA4B; “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), 4, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK.
32 “ALICE Michigan: Study of Financial Hardship” (Michigan Association of United Ways, Sept. 2014), 30, https://perma.cc /9RRD-MKXB; “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2019), 4, https://perma.cc /4GSH-NA4B.
33 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2019), 4, https://perma.cc/4GSH-NA4B; “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), 4, https://perma.cc /T6PZ-F9FK.
34 “ALICE Michigan: Study of Financial Hardship” (Michigan Association of United Ways, Sept. 2014), 30, https://perma.cc /9RRD-MKXB; “ALICE Michigan: Study of Financial Hardship” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2017), 16, https://perma. cc/5KUF-ZBRJ; “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2019), 4, https://perma.cc/4GSH-NA4B; “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), 4, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK.
35 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), 4, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK.
36 “ALICE Research Methodology: Overview & Rationale” (United for ALICE, Aug. 2020), 18–19, https://perma.cc/BMZ7-SY7J.
37 “ALICE Research Methodology: Overview & Rationale” (United for ALICE, Aug. 2020), 15, https://perma.cc/BMZ7-SY7J.
38 “Households and Families” (U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey), Table S1101, https://tinyurl.com/565zn2k6.
39 Authors’ calculations based on data from “America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2019” (U.S. Census Bureau, Oct. 16, 2019), https://perma.cc/UEJ9-JB4H.
40 “Households and Families” (U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey), Table S1101, https://tinyurl.com/565zn2k6.
41 “On Uneven Ground: ALICE and Financial Hardship in the U.S.” (United Way of Northern New Jersey, Dec. 2020), 3, https://perma.cc/5XNA-E72M.
42 “On Uneven Ground: ALICE and Financial Hardship in the U.S.” (United Way of Northern New Jersey, Dec. 2020), 4, https://perma.cc/5XNA-E72M.
43 “On Uneven Ground: ALICE and Financial Hardship in the U.S.” (United Way of Northern New Jersey, Dec. 2020), 3, https://perma.cc/5XNA-E72M.
44 “The Distribution of Household Income, 2016” (Congressional Budget Office, July 9, 2019), https://perma.cc/HZP4-J954.
45 “U.S. and Michigan Per Capita Personal Income: 1970-2020” (Michigan Senate Fiscal Agency, April 1, 2021), https://perma.cc/7HA5-RPB8.
46 “Federal Government Current Transfer Payments: Government Social Benefits to Persons” (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, April 29, 2021), https://perma.cc/27UW-BK9B.
47 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2019), 1, https://perma.cc/4GSH-NA4B.
48 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2019), 16, https://perma.cc/4GSH-NA4B.
49 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2019), 4, https://perma.cc/4GSH-NA4B.
50 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2019), 17-32, https://perma.cc /4GSH-NA4B.
51 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), ii, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK.
52 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2019), 1, https://perma.cc/4GSH-NA4B.
53 “State Task Force Urges New State Policies to Tackle Root Causes of Poverty, Bring Opportunity to More Michiganders” (State of Michigan, Feb. 17, 2021), https://perma.cc/R5UN-F5WB.
54 For example, see: Anna Gustafson, “Poverty Task Force Wants Michigan to Cut Red Tape for Safety Net Programs, Increase Opportunities for Inmates” (Michigan Advance, Feb. 18, 2021), https://perma.cc/XG8V-4HU7; “State Task Force Urges New State Policies to Tackle Root Causes of Poverty, Bring Opportunity to More Michiganders” (State of Michigan, Feb. 17, 2021), https://perma.cc/R5UN-F5WB; Will Kriss, “State Task Force Urges New Policies to Tackle Root Causes of Poverty” (WKZO, Feb. 17, 2021), https://perma.cc/MCL4-P9TB; Jojo Girard, “43% of Michiganders Struggle to Make Ends Meet” (WFGR, Feb. 18, 2021), https://perma.cc/7QA3-G52S; “43% of Michiganders Are Too Poor to Afford Basic Necessities of Life, Report Finds” (WWJ, Feb. 17, 2021), https://perma.cc/BNN9-DCXX; Remi Murrey, “New Report Shows Michiganders Struggling to Pay for Basic Needs” (WWMT, Feb. 18, 2021), https://perma.cc/UVK2-BB7F.
55 “Michigan Poverty Task Force” (State of Michigan, 2021), https://perma.cc/36SV-DLS7.
56 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), 3, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK.
57 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2019), 31, https://perma.cc/4GSH-NA4B.
58 “The ALICE Project” (Michigan Association of United Ways, Dec. 1, 2020), https://perma.cc/DY4Q-7JPF.
59 Dustin Walsh, “Michigan’s Working Poor Grows to 43 Percent of All Households” (Crain’s Detroit Business, March 20, 2019), https://perma.cc/6PWG-A96F.
60 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2019), 2, 4, https://perma.cc/4GSH-NA4B.
61 “Research Center-Methodology” (United Way of Northern New Jersey, 2021), https://perma.cc/7M3V-S7YZ.
62 Jeff Karoub, “40 Percent of Michigan Households Can’t Cover Expenses” (Lansing State Journal, Aug. 30, 2014), https://perma. cc/EP5K-TZ34.
63 Al Jones, “24% of Kalamazoo County Households Live above Poverty Line but below Cost-of-Living Levels” (MLive.com, Aug. 31, 2014), https://perma.cc/N8YZ-BY7S.
64 “Report: 31% of Livingston County Households Fail to Make Ends Meet” (WHMI, March 27, 2019), https://perma.cc/HA7J-X3G3.
65 Kate Abbey-Lambertz, “Most Detroit Families Can’t Afford Their Basic Needs: Report” (Huffington Post, Sept. 4, 2014), https://perma.cc/H4V5-CDKA.
66 Jordan Spence, “New Study Reveals 40 Percent of Michigan Households Can’t Afford Basic Needs” (Petoskey News-Review, Sept. 22, 2014), https://perma.cc/2Y7M-228M.
67 Lou Glazer, “Michigan Has an ALICE Problem, and It Doesn’t Discriminate” (Grand Rapids Business Journal), https://perma. cc/6V2Y-BHNP.
68 Brian McVicar, “Michigan Group Wants ‘Rising Income for All’” (MLive.com, March 8, 2020), https://perma.cc/D8N6-ZXAE.
69 Kate Carlson, “ALICE Households Decrease in Ottawa, Increase in Surrounding Counties” (Holland Sentinel, May 23, 2019), https://perma.cc/J7VT-E5UL.
70 Laura Schultz Pipis, “United Way: Understanding Impact of COVID-19 on ALICE Families” (The Daily Telegram, May 31, 2020), https://perma.cc/4SGV-VBM9.
71 “United Way of Monroe/Lenawee Counties Launching Equity Challenge” (WLEN, Sept. 22, 2020), https://perma.cc/SB3B-99MY.
72 “ALICE Michigan: Study of Financial Hardship” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2017), 5, https://perma.cc/5KUF-ZBRJ; “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2019), 4, https://perma.cc/4GSH-NA4B.
73 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; Tom Gantert, “Number of Michigan Residents on Food Stamps Finally Declining,” Michigan Capitol Confidential (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Sept. 3, 2014), https://perma.cc/6GCE-J6FN.
74 Based on data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.
75 “Michigan’s Individual Income Tax 2010” (Michigan Department of Treasury, July 2012), https://perma.cc/VM75-QTSW; “Michigan’s Individual Income Tax 2018” (Michigan Department of Treasury, Dec. 2020), https://perma.cc/3ZAE-8BHV.
76 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Table S1701.
77 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), 4, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK; “ALICE Michigan: Study of Financial Hardship” (Michigan Association of United Ways, Sept. 2014), 26, https://perma.cc/9RRD-MKXB.
78 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), ii, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK.
79 “ALICE in Michigan: A Financial Hardship Study” (Michigan Association of United Ways, 2021), 3, https://perma.cc/T6PZ-F9FK.
80 Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach et al., “Where Does All the Money Go: Shifts in Household Spending over the Past 30 Years” (Brookings Institution), https://perma.cc/Z89V-TH4C.
81 Elaine L. Chao and Kathleen P. Utgoff, “100 Years of U.S. Consumer Spending: Data for the Nation, New York City, and Boston” (U.S. Department of Labor, May 2006), https://perma .cc/22TU-QP7Z; “Consumer Expenditures--2019” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Sept. 9, 2020), https://perma.cc/GZ5K-HJX3.
82 Mark J. Perry, “Today’s New Homes Are 1,000 Square Feet Larger than in 1973, and the Living Space per Person Has Doubled over Last 40 Years” (American Enterprise Institute, Feb. 26, 2014), https://perma.cc/AQS3-ETA2.
83 Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach et al., “Where Does All the Money Go: Shifts in Household Spending over the Past 30 Years” (Brookings Institution), https://perma.cc/Z89V-TH4C; Bruce Sacerdote, “Fifty Years Of Growth In American Consumption, Income, And Wages,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper (National Bureau of Economic Research; Dartmouth College, May 16, 2017), https://perma.cc/LXV6-SKM8.
84 David S. Johnson, John M. Rogers and Lucilla Tan, “A Century of Family Budgets in the United States,” Monthly Labor Review, May (2001), https://perma.cc/9TAY-UGX8; “Consumer Expenditures--2019” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Sept. 9, 2020), https://perma.cc/GZ5K-HJX3.
85 Jonathan Church and Ken Stewart, “Average Food Prices: A Snapshot of How Much Has Changed over a Century” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Feb. 2013), https://perma.cc/RPC3-GV26.
86 Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach et al., “Where Does All the Money Go: Shifts in Household Spending over the Past 30 Years” (Brookings Institution), https://perma.cc/Z89V-TH4C.
87 Joseph Asch, “Not That Much Inequality” (Dartmouth College, March 31, 2018), https://perma.cc/6MF7-2NL2.
88 “Family Budget Burdens Squeezing Housing: Child Care Costs” (FreddieMac, Jan. 7, 2020), https://perma.cc/Z6ZB-AS8Z.