1 Venessa A. Keesler, “Instructional Time” (Michigan Department of Education, March 20, 2020), https://perma.cc/CF52-7BEE.
2 Jamey Fitzpatrick and Joe Friedhoff, Michigan Virtual, online conversation with the author, Sept. 9, 2020.
3 Center for Educational Performance and Information, College Readiness, 2018-19 data, https://www.mischooldata.org/ college-readiness/.
4 Center for Educational Performance and Information, Grad/Dropout Rate, 2018-19 data, https://www.mischool data.org/graddropout-rate/.
5 Center for Educational Performance and Information, College Remedial Coursework Enrollment Trend, 2017-18 data, https://www.mischooldata.org/college-remedial-coursework/.
6 See “Credentials Matter Phase 2: A 2020 Update on Credential Attainment and Workforce Demand in America” (ExcelinEd; Burning Glass Technologies, Sept. 2020), https://perma.cc/ LV52-ERDM; Cameron Sublett and David Griffith, “How Aligned Is Career and Technical Education to Local Labor Markets?” (Thomas B. Fordham Institute, April 2019), https://perma.cc/ LV2T-GKRL.
7 “Michigan’s Top 10 Strategic Education Plan” (Michigan Department of Education), https://perma.cc/8Y6T-P83X.
8 MCL § 380.10.
9 U.S. Census Bureau, Phase 2 Household Pulse Survey Data Tables, Week 16 Household Pulse Survey: Sept. 30-Oct. 12, Table 3. Computer and Internet Availability in Households with Children in Public or Private School, by Select Characteristics, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/demo/hhp/hhp16.html.
10 “What Michigan Needs to Know to Close/Impact the Digital Divide” (Michigan Association of Intermediate School Administrators, June 4, 2020), https://perma.cc/L824-SCHB.
11 “MI Approved for Nearly $390 Million in Education Funding” (WILX News 10, May 1, 2020), https://perma.cc/75QH-GWHX.
12 “Governor’s Emergency Education Relief Fund Program Important Information” (Michigan Department of Education), https://perma.cc/ZZ4E-XUHV.
13 Edward Pevos, “51,000 Detroit Students Getting Computer Tablets via $23 Million” (MLive.com, April 23, 2020), https://perma.cc/7QCR-LXCJ.
14 John Wisely, “‘You’re Giving Them Hope for the Future’: Detroit Students Get Connected with New Laptops” (Detroit Free Press, July 13, 2020), https://perma.cc/5935-53FD.
15 “House Bill 4288 (2019)” (State of Michigan, 2020), https://perma.cc/FU9C-T7FK. See also Jarrett Skorup, “The Right Way to Expand Broadband Internet in Michigan,” Mackinac Center Blog, Sept. 23, 2020, https://perma.cc/XDY2-95Z2.
16 See “WiFi Hotspots” (Connected Nation Michigan, July 17, 2020), https://perma.cc/9GUQ-ULVK.
17 Michael Martin, “District Deploying School Bus Wifi Hotspots to Help Students Connect” (Fox 17, April 14, 2020), https://perma.cc/R8ER-XXAF.
18 Marin Slagter, “This Michigan School Is Deploying Wi-Fi Buses to Families without Internet” (MLive.com, Oct. 11, 2020), https://perma.cc/EU79-K2QZ.
19 “National Standards for Quality Online Teaching” (Virtual Learning Leadership Alliance, 2019), https://perma.cc/8W5V-XGUN.
20 MCL § 388.1705; MCL § 388.1705c; “Schools of Choice” (Michigan Department of Education, 2020), https://perma.cc/ WS7Q-7YSC.
21 2019 data downloaded from Center for Educational Performance and Information, compared to 2007 data reported in Audrey Spalding, “The Public School Market in Michigan: An Analysis of Schools of Choice,” Mackinac Center for Public Policy (December 2013), 6, https://www.mackinac.org/archives/2013/ s2013-11.pdf.
22 Author’s calculations from CEPI data.
23 Author’s calculations from U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development, Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC) State Files, 2015-16: Michigan, https://perma.cc/2426-8PYP.
24 MCL § 388.1621f; “Michigan’s Online Learning Law” (Michigan Virtual University, 2020), https://perma.cc/3HPG-PMCP.
25 “Statewide Online Education Program Frequently Asked Questions,” (Utah State Board of Education), https://perma.cc/BY9A-GUQ4
26 Utah Code § 53F.4.508.
27 See “Funding” (Digital Learning Collaborative, Oct. 5, 2018), https://perma.cc/9ZGW-JR94.
28 MCL § 380.1278b-c; “Family Matters” (Michigan Department of Education, 2019), https://perma.cc/VEH3-Q987.
29 MCL § 380.1278a-b; “Personal Curriculum: Parent and Educator Guide” (Michigan Department of Education, July 2015), https://perma.cc/W9GA-MGBY.
30 “EDP Fundamentals” (Michigan Department of Education), https://perma.cc/QEU4-543M.
31 “Senate Bill 0171 (2019)” (State of Michigan, 2020), https://perma.cc/2PWT-L2YH.
32 “Advanced Opportunities” (Idaho State Department of Education), https://perma.cc/97GL-HE5R; Max Eden, “An Education Innovation That Beats Learning Pads,” Wall Street Journal, Sept. 5, 2020, https://perma.cc/3NRE-W9RS.
33 “Learning Everywhere” (State of New Hampshire, 2020), https://perma.cc/H84H-Q34P; “Learn Everywhere Fact Sheet” (New Hampshire Department of Education, June 13, 2019), https://perma.cc/LR9T-GWKP; Sarah Gibson, “State Board of Education Adopts Final ‘Learn Everywhere’ Rules” (New Hampshire Public Radio, Aug. 13, 2020), https://perma.cc/724J-RVX3.
34 National Public Education Financial Survey data, fiscal year 2018-19. See Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Michigan School District Revenue and Expenditure Report, https://www.mackinac.org/depts/epi/fiscal.aspx.
35 “House Bill 5913 (2020)” (State of Michigan, 2020), https://perma.cc/FR9V-KRJS.
36 Betsy DeVos, “Key Policy Letters Signed by the Education Secretary or Deputy” (U.S. Department of Education, Sept. 3, 2020), https://perma.cc/JZ6R-YP5T.