1. Gretchen Whitmer, “Michigan: The Home for Opportunity” (State of Michigan, Feb. 12, 2019), https://perma.cc/3F8R-5XXY.
2. Mark Arend, “An Oasis of Opportunity,” Site Selection Magazine, Nov. 2018, https://perma.cc/BP7P-W4AG; Mark Arend, “Smart Money,” Site Selection Magazine, Nov. 2017, https://perma.cc/WAH6-ZZEW.
3. Robert J. Lalonde, “Employment and Training Programs,” in Means-Tested Programs in the United States, ed. Robert A. Moffitt (University of Chicago Press, 2003), 517–18, https://perma.cc/X2S4-VWLQ.
4. “Budget in Brief: Excerpts for Employment and Training Administration” (U.S. Department of Labor, 2019), 7, https://perma.cc/7MVU-QM9F.
5. 20 U.S.C. § 2037.
6. “U.S. Department of Labor Announces Funding Opportunity for Apprenticeship Expansion in Key Industry Sectors” (U.S. Department of Labor, July 18, 2018), https://perma.cc/3P7L-2VVJ; “About Us” (U.S. Department of Labor, Feb. 27, 2019), https://perma.cc/YGE7-X999.
7. “Priority of Service for WIOA Adult Funds” (U.S. Department of Labor, July 2017), https://perma.cc/9GH9-XFPB.
8. “Going Pro With Skilled Trades!” (Talent Investment Agency, 2017), https://perma.cc/H65C-AEYF.
9. “One-Stop Service Centers” (Michigan Works! Association, 2019), https://perma.cc/ZWX6-97GC.
10. MCL § 408.115(1); MCL § 408.123.
11. “Going PRO Talent Fund: Employer Guide - Fiscal Year 2019” (Talent Investment Agency, Mar. 29, 2019), https://perma.cc/EZY3-NYGA.
12. MCL § 408.153-163.
13. “Going PRO Talent Fund (Talent Fund)” (State of Michigan, 2019), https://perma.cc/KV3P-24GZ.
14. “Marshall Plan for Talent” (State of Michigan, 2019), https://perma.cc/TL8C-9D9P; “Innovation Grants” (Michigan Department of Talent and Economic Development, 2019), https://perma.cc/52B2-ZXL3.
15. “Michigan Schools to Expand CTE Programs; Gain State-Of-The Art Requirements With $ 12.5 Million in State Grants” (Michigan Department of Education, Dec. 8, 2017), https://perma.cc/8M2P-ED48.
16. “Budget in Brief: Excerpts for Employment and Training Administration” (U.S. Department of Labor, 2019), 11, https://perma.cc/7MVU-QM9F; “A Long History...Of Helping Young People Reach Their Full Potential” (U.S. Department of Labor, 2017), https://perma.cc/SX4Q-TZAN.
17. “A Long History...Of Helping Young People Reach Their Full Potential” (U.S. Department of Labor, 2017), https://perma.cc/SX4Q-TZAN.
18. Author’s calculations based on data available at https://www.jobcorps.gov/job-corps-reports.
19. Ibid.
20.“Career and Technical Education Administrator Manual” (Michigan Department of Education, 2017), https://perma.cc/ Q6YQ-HEQM.
21. “Employment Projections - 2016-26” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Oct. 24, 2017), https://perma.cc/79RU-U6ZG.
22. “Michigan Community Colleges” (State of Michigan, 2013), https://perma.cc/V8JC-V9S9.
23. Author’s calculation based on data from the Michigan Community College NETwork, available at: http://michigancc.net/ccdata/sd/yearendall.aspx
24. “Michigan Community Colleges: Activities Classification Structure (ACS) 2016-17 Data Book & Companion” (Center for Educational Performance and Information, April 2, 2018), https://perma.cc/U9N5-HREE.
25. MCL § 395.101(1).
26. “Proprietary Schools” (Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs), https://perma.cc/E3BN-QCXG.
27. “Career Essentials Learning Center 2014-2015 General Catalog of Studies” (The Resource Network, Inc., 2015), https://perma.cc/3BPT-YHLR.
28. For more information, see: https://drmilc.com.
29. For more information, see: https://www.dorsey.edu.
30. For more information, see: https://www.rosseducation.edu.
31. “Programs” (Health Care Solutions and Career Group, 2018), https://perma.cc/5CR8-XR5W.
32. “Certified Nursing Assistant” (Health Care Solutions and Career Group, 2018), https://perma.cc/3WKQ-A66K.
33. For more information, see: http://www.hazyinstitute.com; https://serenityhealthtraining.com; https://abcott.edu.
34. “Tuition and Fees” (Stepping Stones Educational System, Inc.), https://perma.cc/T54A-QZKJ.
35. “Nurse Aide Training Program” (Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs, 2019), https://perma.cc/ 3DNA-MZ4Q.
36. For more information, see: https://nhlearningsolutions.com.
37. For more information, see: https://www.miat.edu.
38. For more information, see: http://merrillinstitute.com and http://iaiworks.com.
39. “We Build: Course Catalog 2018-19” (Greater Michigan Construction Academy, Sept. 20, 2018), https://perma.cc/H5BG-B4BR.
40. “Craft Training & Workforce Development” (Associated Builders and Contractors, Inc. West Michigan Chapter), https://perma.cc/R4D5-R8L6.
41. “Build Your Own Career” (Associated Builders and Contractors, 2019), https://perma.cc/44Y2-HLX3.
42. For more information, see: http://jacksonjama.org/amc.
43. “About AMC” (Jackson Area Manufacturers Association), https://perma.cc/QM55-XV45.
44. “Joint Apprentice Program” (UAW-Ford National Programs Center, 2019), https://perma.cc/N7LM-5UC3.
45. “Apprentice Program” (UAW-Chrysler National Training Center, 2019), https://perma.cc/6KDE-6ZCC.
46. For more information, see: https://www.oe324.org/training.
47. For more information, see: https://www.hammer9.com/ training.
48. “Training Centers” (IBEW Michigan, 2016), https://perma.cc/CN6W-G5EP. For more information, see: http://www.ua.org/locals.
49. For more information, see: https://smart-union.org/links/local-union-links.
50. For more information, see: http://www.ironworkers 25.org/apprenticeship.
51. “Pre-Apprenticeship for Ironworkers” (Washtenaw Community College, 2019), https://perma.cc/LXZ5-S2G7.
52. For more information, see: https://www.feyenzylstra.com/careers/apprenticeship.
53. “MAT2 Fact Sheet” (Talent Investment Agency, Oct. 27, 2017), https://perma.cc/FW9F-R4DW.
54. “Michigan Advanced Technician Training (MAT2) Employer Training Grant Fiscal Year (FY) 2018” (Michigan Department of Talent and Economic Development, Aug. 13, 2018), https://perma.cc/F8TF-8YCG.
55. “Marshall Plan 101” (State of Michigan), https://perma.cc/ HQ9N-EY8A.
56. RJ Wolcott, “Why Enrollment Is down at 10 Michigan Universities and Way up at MSU and U-M,” Lansing State Journal, Feb. 19, 2019, https://perma.cc/H4SL-A9WX.
57. MCL § 380.686(2).
58. “Michigan Future Talent Council” (State of Michigan, 2019), https://perma.cc/2CKC-RDW4.
59. Peter H. Cappelli, “Skill Gaps, Skill Shortages, and Skill Mismatches: Evidence and Arguments for the United States,” ILR Review 68, no. 2 (2015): 251–290, https://perma.cc/DG22-CZHM.
60. “Solving the Talent Shortage: Build, Buy, Borrow and Bridge” (Manpower Group, 2018), https://perma.cc/6JGH-KDVM.
61. For more information, see: Jarrett Skorup, “This Isn’t Working: How Michigan’s Licensing Laws Hurt Workers and Consumers” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, 2017), https://perma.cc/EQA6-FNHG.
62. For further discussion, see: Richard B. Freeman, “Is a Great Labor Shortage Coming? Replacement Demand in a Global Economy,” in Reshaping the American Workforce in a Changing Economy, ed. Harry J. Holzer and Demetra Nightingale (Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press, 2007).
63. Gary S. Becker, “Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis,” Journal of Political Economy 70, no. 5 (1962): 9–49. For a summary of Becker’s argument and more about firms paying for training, see: Margaret Stevens, “Should Firms Be Required to Pay for Vocational Training?,” The Economic Journal 111, no. 473 (2001).
64. James Heckman, “What Should Be Our Human Capital Investment Policy,” Fiscal Studies,19 no. 2(1998): 103-119.