1 “Appropriations by Source: FY 2017-18 Initial” (Michigan Senate Fiscal Agency, Oct. 2, 2017), https://perma.cc/Q96N-FRJP.
2 Kahryn Riley, “Michigan Set to Overhaul Criminal Justice System,” The Hill, March 12, 2017, https://perma.cc/4DK4-ULFG; Kahryn Riley, “Sweeping Criminal Justice Reforms for Michigan” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, March 10, 2017), https://perma.cc/3ZG2-LD7S.
3 For examples, see: Patrick Barone, “Michigan Cash Bail System in Need of Substantial Reform” (Baltimore Fishbowl, Jan. 4, 2017), https://perma.cc/W2SY-SWEM; Paul Elam and Mary King, “It’s More Than Time to Raise the Age in Michigan” (Juvenile Justice Information Exchange, Nov. 2, 2017), https://perma.cc/QKV6-2T5P.
4 Mich Const, art. 9 § 7.
5 MCL § 750.505.
6 James R. Copland, Isaac Gorodetski and Michael J. Reitz, “Overcriminalizing the Wolverine State: A Primer and Possible Reforms in Michigan” (Manhattan Institute for Policy Research and Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Oct. 2014), https://perma.cc/A3WM-ZZBH.
7 MCL § 4.1403.
8 MCL § 4.1401.
9 James R. Copland, Isaac Gorodetski and Michael J. Reitz, “Overcriminalizing the Wolverine State: A Primer and Possible Reforms in Michigan” (Manhattan Institute for Policy Research and Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Oct. 2014), https://perma.cc/A3WM-ZZBH.
10 “Misdemeanor Matters” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/SA7Y-YX95.
11 MCL § 117.4i(k).
12 MCL § 771.3(2)(a)-(q).
13 MCL § 761.1(f); MCL § 750.7.
14 James R. Copland, Isaac Gorodetski and Michael J. Reitz, “Overcriminalizing the Wolverine State: A Primer and Possible Reforms in Michigan” (Manhattan Institute for Policy Research and Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Oct. 2014), https://perma.cc/A3WM-ZZBH.
15 MCL § 750.81(5); MCL § 257.625(9)(c).
16 “Michigan Sentencing Guidelines Manual” (Michigan Judicial Institute, June 2016), https://perma.cc/X4FQ-Y7WS.
17 “Michigan Sentencing Guidelines Manual” (Michigan Judicial Institute, June 2016), https://perma.cc/X4FQ-Y7WS.
18 MCL § 750.316; MCL § 750.520b.
19 MCL § 600.113(1)(a).
20 MCL § 600.8819; Diamondstone v Macaluso, 148 F.3d 113 (2d Cir 1998); Kirby v Illinois, 406 U.S. 682 (1972); People v Schomaker, 232 N.W.2d 461 (Mich Ct App 1982).
21 Michigan Court Rules Practice, 6th ed., vol. 5 (Thomas Reuters, 2017), 699 — Author’s comment to § 4101.1.
22 “State Civil Infractions” (Michigan State Court Adminstrative Office, Sept. 2017), https://perma.cc/S66A-QAAV; MCL § 600.8701.
23 MCL § 257.602b; MCL § 257.612.
24 “State Civil Infractions” (Michigan State Court Adminstrative Office, Sept. 2017), https://perma.cc/S66A-QAAV.
25 For more information, see: “Municipal Civil Infractions” (Michigan Municipal League), https://perma.cc/P5PW-LKAD.
26 “Traffic and Nontraffic Civil Infraction Matters” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/486T-784G.
27 MCL § 600.113(3).
28 For more about strict liability, see: Michael J. Reitz, “Criminal Minds: Defining Culpability in Michigan Criminal Law” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Dec. 10, 2013), 4–5, https://perma.cc/V96V-227F.
29 “Michigan Law Enforcement Agencies” (Michigan Commission on Law Enforcement Standards, Jan. 23, 2018), https://perma.cc/X372-JEWM. In 2016 the total number of full-time law enforcement officers was 17,049. “2016 Law Enforcement Officers Killed or Assaulted” (Criminal Justice Information Center, 2016), https://perma.cc/K37X-KNJT.
30 “History of the MSP” (Michigan State Police, 2018), https://perma.cc/4WC4-MW9W.
31 MCL § 28.4(2); MCL § 28.6a; MCL § 423.367(1); “Services” (Michigan State Police, 2018), https://perma.cc/A7TK-L38D.
32 “Michigan State Police Services Guide” (Michigan State Police), https://perma.cc/BU6H-5MR2.
33 “Michigan Department of State Police Secure Cities Partnership” (Michigan State Police, 2016), https://perma.cc/8LJV-CB8U.
34 MCL § 28.6.
35 “Michigan State Police Services Guide” (Michigan State Police), https://perma.cc/BU6H-5MR2.
36 Kent Dell, “Budget Briefing: State Police” (Michigan House Fiscal Agency, Jan. 2017), 6, https://perma.cc/Z5WH-JT38.
37 Mich Const, art. 7, § 6.
38 MCL § 801.1; Mich Atty. Gen. Op. 4966 (1976), MCL § 752.11; Brownstown Township v Wayne County, 68 Mich App 244 (1976); MCL § 791.262(9); MCL § 28.251, MCL § 28.247.
39 For example, see: “Sheriff” (County of Midland, 2018), https://perma.cc/QMC6-22CF
40 Wayne County Sheriff v Wayne County Board of Commissioners, 148 Mich App 702 (1983).
41 Eric Walcott, “What’s the Difference between a County Sheriff and the Local Police?” (Michigan State University Extension, Nov. 2, 2016), https://perma.cc/YE7P-KFMQ; Mich Const, art. 7, § 21.
42 For example, see: “Grants & Funding” (U.S. Department of Justice, 2018); “Grants and Community Services Division” (Michigan State Police, 2018), https://perma.cc/8HA2-48PZ.
43 “Licensed Private Security Police Officers Act” (Michigan Commission on Law Enforcement Standards, 2018), https://perma.cc/X5VT-7GZP.
44 MCL § 28.6a; “Conservation Officers” (Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 2018), https://perma.cc/P9HT-RCWZ.
45 “Michigan Tribal Governments” (State of Michigan, 2018), https://perma.cc/9XMK-TL8R.
46 For example, see: Herb Woerpel, “Gun Lake Tribal Police Gain Certification to Enforce Federal, State, Local Laws” (MLive.com, June 16, 2011), https://perma.cc/ACT6-MCHN.
47 For examples, see: “Cross-Deputization Agreement Between the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians and the Sheriff of Antrim County,” 2015, https://perma.cc/6U3V-2BBN; “Law Enforcement Agreement Between the Michigan Department of State Police and the Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan,” 2010, https://perma.cc/QX5D-B8E3.
48 Hannah Bobee et al., “Criminal Jurisdiction in Indian Country: The Solution of Cross Deputization,” Indigenous Law & Policy Center Working Paper 01 (July 2008): 11–12, https://perma.cc/4HH4-7LPW.
49 For more information, see: “Cross-Deputization in Indian Country” (U.S. Department of Justice, 2018), https://perma.cc/D348-QATV.
50 MCL § 390.1512(1).
51 “Michigan Law Enforcement Agencies” (Michigan Commission on Law Enforcement Standards, Jan. 23, 2018), https://perma.cc/X372-JEWM.
52 MCL § 259.116(1)(p); “Airport Police Department” (Wayne County Airport Authority, 2018), https://perma.cc/A4JV-66MC.
53 Mich Const, art. 6, § 1.
54 Robin R. Risko, “Background Briefing: Judiciary” (Michigan House Fiscal Agency, Jan. 2017), https://perma.cc/U8H7-MSRY.
55 “Michigan” (National Center for State Courts), https://perma.cc/K8S3-6VTQ.
56 “Problem-Solving Courts: Grants and Funding” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/J5CT-ZQEK.
57 “Michigan’s Problem-Solving Courts: Solving Problems, Saving Lives” (Michigan Supreme Court, 2017), https://perma.cc/8WFE-U8VY.
58 MCL § 600.8101; “History of Michigan’s Judicial System” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/KEM7-2GES.
59 “Michigan Trial Courts” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/X8B7-PQ2G.
60 Ibid.
61 MCL § 600.8401; For more information, see: “How to Get a Money Judgment in Small Claims Court” (Michigan State Court Administrative Office), https://perma.cc/LGH5-8WP6.
62 Mich Const, art. 6, § 1; Art. IX, § 1, 3; Grand Traverse Co v Michigan, 450 Mich 457, 538 NW2d1 (1995); “Michigan Trial Courts” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/X8B7-PQ2G.
63 Mich Const, art. 6, § 11. For a map of these courts, see: https://perma.cc/Z8DU-8XJN.
64 “Michigan Trial Courts” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/X8B7-PQ2G.
65 “History of Michigan’s Judicial System” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/KEM7-2GES.
66 MCL § 600.807.
67 Mich Const, art. 6, § 15-16.
68 “Michigan Trial Courts” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/X8B7-PQ2G.; MCL § 600.841.
69 “About the Court of Appeals” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/SSP9-TRCZ.; MCL § 600.308.
70 MCL § 600.308; MCR § 7.103(A).
71 “About the Court of Appeals” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/SSP9-TRCZ.
72 MCR § 7.111; MCR § 7.114(A).
73 MCL § 600.301-302.
74 MCL § 600.311.
75 Mich Const, art. 6, § 2.
76 “About the Court” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/FDY3-BHQJ.
77 Mich Const, art. 6, § 4.
78 “Federally Recognized Tribes in Michigan” (State of Michigan, 2018), https://perma.cc/9NLZ-MKD5.
79 “Welcome to Michigan’s Tribal Governments” (State of Michigan, 2018), https://perma.cc/3N5N-CMUR.
80 “Tribal Court” (Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, Oct. 11, 2017), https://perma.cc/P2UQ-2LRR.
81 MCR § 2.615.
82 “Introduction to the Federal Court System” (U.S. Department of Justice), https://perma.cc/9KEJ-KWG3.
83 28 U.S.C. § 102.
84 28 U.S.C. § 41.
85 28 U.S.C. § 1254; “Introduction to the Federal Court System” (U.S. Department of Justice), https://perma.cc/9KEJ-KWG3.
86 MCL § 791.262.
87 Michigan Sheriff’s Association representative, phone correspondence with author, Jan. 4, 2018.
88 For example, see: Lisa Roose-Church, “Education Behind Bars Works, but it can be Hard to Come by,” Livingston Daily, April 6, 2017, https://perma.cc/J3P6-ZM4S.
89 MCL § 801.83; Ted Roelofs, “We Hope You Enjoyed Your Stay at the County Jail. Here’s Your Bill.,” Bridge Magazine (Center for Michigan, Dec. 13, 2016), https://perma.cc/EQ3S-G6MQ.
90 Michigan Department of Corrections, “Prison Directory,” http://perma.cc/8GX6-UJSV.
91 Robin R. Risko, “Budget Briefing: Corrections” (Michigan House Fiscal Agency, Jan. 2018), 6, https://perma.cc/B3TR-R8TC.
92 Robin R. Risko, “Budget Briefing: Corrections” (Michigan House Fiscal Agency, Jan. 2018), 29–30, https://perma.cc/B3TR-R8TC.
93 “2015 Statistical Report” (Michigan Department of Corrections, May 12, 2017), A-2, https://perma.cc/LP34-WC6N.
94 Barbara R. Levine, “10,000 Fewer Michigan Prisoners: Strategies to Reach the Goal” (Citizens Alliance on Prisons and Public Spending, 2015), https://perma.cc/PGN2-XTUP.
95 “Prison Time Served and Recidivism” (The Pew Charitable Trusts, Oct. 8, 2013), https://perma.cc/QR7H-MSD2.
96 “Four Research Reports Address Michigan Prisoners’ Length of Stay” (Citizens Alliance on Prisons and Public Spending), https://perma.cc/JP8X-XB3H; Barbara Levine and Michael LaFaive, “Michigan’s Parole Policies Waste Money, Need Reform,” Detroit Free Press, Dec. 13, 2014, https://perma.cc/2MPC-E4FJ.
97 “Michigan Lifers by the Numbers” (Citizens Alliance on Prisons and Public Spending, 2013), https://perma.cc/VD4R-ASWM.
98 “Max Out: The Rise in Prison Inmates Releases Without Supervision” (The Pew Charitable Trusts, June 2014), https://perma.cc/4CKB-4N6R.
99 “Women’s Huron Valley Correctional Facility (WHV)” (Michigan Department of Corrections, 2018), https://perma.cc/5E6G-T78G.
100 For more information, see: “Prisoner Intake” (Michigan Department of Corrections, 2017), https://perma.cc/ZXV8-PUZT.
101 “Special Alternative Incarceration Facility (SAI)” (Michigan Department of Corrections, 2018), https://perma.cc/5Z6M-MKU3.
102 “Detroit Detention Center (DDC)” (Michigan Department of Corrections, 2018), https://perma.cc/VB2C-FJKT.
103 “Detroit Reentry Center (DRC)” (Michigan Department of Corrections, 2018), https://perma.cc/P2K7-JBEX.
104 “Michigan Reformatory (RMI)” (Michigan Department of Corrections, 2018), https://perma.cc/TS6R-5V2Q.
105 “Bellamy Creek Correctional Facility (IBC)” (Michigan Department of Corrections, 2017), https://perma.cc/4BCC-NZKB.
106 “Offender Census Summary Report: Month of December, 2018” (Michigan Department of Corrections, Dec. 2018), https://perma.cc/74WK-G6FR.
107 “Educational Programming” (Michigan Department of Corrections, 2018), https://perma.cc/VLQ4-4G8U.
108 “The Michigan Offender Success Model” (Michigan Department of Corrections, May 2016), https://perma.cc/GG37-WLXQ.
109 “The Michigan Offender Success Model” (Michigan Department of Corrections, May 2016), https://perma.cc/GG37-WLXQ.
110 “Educational Programming” (Michigan Department of Corrections, 2018), https://perma.cc/VLQ4-4G8U.
111 MCL § 791.231a.
112 “Parole from Past to Present” (Michigan Department of Corrections, 2018), https://perma.cc/FL5P-B55A.
113 MCL § 791.235; “Parole - The Parole Process” (Michigan Department of Corrections, 2018), https://perma.cc/G8CV-ETQ9.
114 “The Parole Consideration Process” (Michigan Department of Corrections, 2018), https://perma.cc/KLG5-66Y6.
115 “Policy Directive 06.05.100: Parole Guidelines” (Michigan Department of Corrections, Nov. 1, 2008), https://perma.cc/ V3ZL-YFC9; Michigan Administrative Code § 791.7716.
116 MCL § 791.233(1)(a).
117 “Policy Directive 06.05.100: Parole Guidelines” (Michigan Department of Corrections, Nov. 1, 2008), https://perma.cc/ V3ZL-YFC9.
118 Barbara R. Levine, “10,000 Fewer Michigan Prisoners: Strategies to Reach the Goal” (Citizens Alliance on Prisons and Public Spending, 2015), https://perma.cc/PGN2-XTUP.
119 MCL § 763.7(a); Florida v Royer 460 U.S. 491, 103 S. Ct. 1319 (1983).
120 People v Ward, 226 Mich 45, 196 NW 971 (1924).
121 MCL § 764.1a.
122 MCL § 764.1a-1b.
123 MCR § 6.102.
124 MCL § 764.2; MCL § 764.21.
125 U.S. v Watson, 423 U.S. 411 (1976).
126 MCL § 764.19.
127 Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
128 MCL § 764.13; County of Riverside v McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44 (1991).
129 Payton v New York, 445 U.S. 573 (1980).
130 Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
131 People v Bender, 452 Mich 594 (1996).
132 MCL § 600.4307.
133 MCL § 765.9c(1).
134 MCL § 764.9f.
135 MCL § 780.581.
136 “Misdemeanor Matters” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/SA7Y-YX95.
137 “Felony Matters” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/FR23-665T.
138 Ibid.
139 MCL § 780.61 et al.; “Felony Matters” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/FR23-665T.
140 MCL § 780.62.
141 MCR § 6.106(E); “Felony Matters” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/FR23-665T.
142 MCL § 780.66.
143 MCL § 780.67.
144 Mich Const, art. 1, § 15.
145 MCR § 780.64(1).
146 MCL § 765.6(1).
147 MCR § 6.106.
148 MCL § 257.625b(2); “Steps in a Criminal Case” (Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan, 2018), https://perma.cc/ UJR6-RACB.
149 “Felony Matters” (Michigan Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/FR23-665T.
150 People v Allen, 466 Mich 86 (2002).
151 MCR § 6.401.
152 MCL § 600.1300 et al.
153 “Steps in a Criminal Case” (Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan, 2018), https://perma.cc/UJR6-RACB.
154 Ibid.
155 Ibid.
156 Ibid.
157 MCL § 780.766.
158 “Prisoner Intake” (Michigan Department of Corrections, 2017), https://perma.cc/ZXV8-PUZT; “Classification” (Michigan Department of Corrections, 2017), https://perma.cc/K2C8-WA26.
159 “State & Federal Rights & Privileges Lost upon Conviction of a Felony” (Michigan Department of Civil Rights), https://perma.cc/3KNF-MT79.
160 “Policy Directive: Discharge/Termination of Sentence” (Michigan Department of Corrections, Jan. 23, 2014), https://perma.cc/UGS5-Z8WN.
161 “Policy Directive: Discharge/Termination of Sentence” (Michigan Department of Corrections, Jan. 23, 2014), https://perma.cc/UGS5-Z8WN.
162 “The Michigan Offender Success Model” (Michigan Department of Corrections, May 2016), https://perma.cc/GG37-WLXQ.
163 “Michigan Recidivism Rate Falls to 29.8 Percent, Among Lowest in Nation” (State of Michigan, March 29, 2017), https://perma.cc/5KPU-AMN8.
164 MCL § 780.621(1).
165 MCL § 780.621(3).