1 Carol Hardy Vincent, Laura A. Hanson and Carla N. Argueta, “Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data” (Congressional Research Service, March 3, 2017), 7–8, https://perma.cc/CW5F-2Y5S.
2 Carol Hardy Vincent, Laura A. Hanson and Carla N. Argueta, “Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data” (Congressional Research Service, March 3, 2017), https://perma.cc/CW5F-2Y5S. The U.S. Census Bureau defines the Midwest to included Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota and South Dakota. “Census Regions and Divisions of the United States” (U.S. Census Bureau), https://perma.cc/6XWD-4FXB.
3 Carol Hardy Vincent, Laura A. Hanson and Carla N. Argueta, “Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data” (Congressional Research Service, March 3, 2017), 7–8, https://perma.cc/CW5F-2Y5S.
4 This information is based on telephone interviews conducted by the author with U.S. Forest Service staff on Feb. 15, 2018.
5 “Gifford Pinchot: A Legacy of Conservation” (U.S. Department of the Interior, Aug. 9, 2017), https://perma.cc/7EBD-RKJT.
6 16 U.S.C. § 475.
7 Allan K. Fitzsimmons, Reforming Federal Land Management: Cutting the Gordian Knot (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2012), 13.
8 For an example, see: Terry Anderson, “Environmental Protection Up in Smoke,” Wall Street Journal, Sept. 17, 2012, https://perma.cc/9FSH-5AQH.
9 Based on telephone interviews conducted by the author with U.S. Forest Service staff on Feb. 15, 2018
10 U.S. v. Hinkson, Case No. 2:16-mj-21 (W.D. Mich. June 13, 2017).
11 Roy P. Hinkson, telephone correspondence with Mackinac Center, June 27, 2017.
12 U.S. v. Hinkson, Case No. 2:16-mj-21 (W.D. Mich. June 13, 2017).
13 “A Timeline of Historical Events in Nahma Township” (Nahma Township Historical Society, Dec. 2010), https://perma.cc/3PB3-8EEP; “Establishment and Modification of National Forest Boundaries and National Grasslands: A Chronological Record, 1891-2012” (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2012), https://perma.cc/2QPS-8WKJ.
14 “Camp Cook Integrated Resource Project Meeting Minutes” (Nahma Township, Sept. 28, 2016), https://perma.cc/K8CN-DCNY.
15 “A Timeline of Historical Events in Nahma Township” (Nahma Township Historical Society, Dec. 2010), https://perma.cc/3PB3-8EEP.
16 “Camp Cooks Integrated Resource Management Project” (U.S. Forest Service, Aug. 30, 2016), https://perma.cc/99R3-PARZ.
17 Derek Draplin, “Some Upper Peninsula Residents In Revolt Over Federal Road Closings,” Michigan Capitol Confidential (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Oct. 21, 2016), https://perma.cc/7T88-3VZY.
18 “Camp Cook Integrated Resource Project Meeting Minutes” (Nahma Township, Sept. 28, 2016), https://perma.cc/K8CN-DCNY.
19 Derek Draplin, “Some Upper Peninsula Residents In Revolt Over Federal Road Closings,” Michigan Capitol Confidential (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Oct. 21, 2016), https://perma.cc/7T88-3VZY.
20 “Camp Cook Integrated Resource Project Meeting Minutes” (Nahma Township, Sept. 28, 2016), https://perma.cc/K8CN-DCNY.
21 Kristin Ojaniemi, UP a River (OJA-MEDIA, 2015), https://vimeo.com/ 183646430.
22 Eric Freedman, “Deadline Looms to Remove Private Camps from Ottawa National Forest,” Capital News Service (Michigan State University School of Journalism, Oct. 23, 2015), https://perma.cc/HE4A-GXRX.
23 John Carlisle, “Good-Bye to Cabin Life: U.S. Government Tells Owners in U.P. to Leave,” Detroit Free Press, April 29, 2017, https://perma.cc/77BR-VUYC.
24 Kristin Ojaniemi, “UP a River,” https://vimeo.com/183646430.
25 Kristin Ojaniemi, “241 + 90 Days” (UPARiver.net, May 5, 2016), https://perma.cc/7A3P-XZUJ.
26 Eric Freedman, “Deadline Looms to Remove Private Camps from Ottawa National Forest,” Capital News Service (Michigan State University School of Journalism, Oct. 23, 2015), https://perma.cc/HE4A-GXRX.
27 John Carlisle, “Cabin Owners Move out of National Forest in Upper Peninsula,” The Washington Times, May 3, 2017, https://perma.cc/EQS2-DLAA.
28 “Senate Resolution No. 79” (State of Michigan, 2015), https://perma.cc/H8M3-DYTU.
29 Based on telephone interviews conducted by the author with U.S. Forest Service staff on Feb. 15, 2018.
30 Ibid.
31 Save Our Camps, Facebook post, Aug. 20, 2017, https://www.facebook.com/SaveOurCamps/.
32 36 CFR § 261.9(e).
33 Save Our Camps, Facebook post, Aug. 20, 2017, https://www.facebook.com/SaveOurCamps/.
34 Michael Wright, “Forest Service Working to Finalize Mill Creek Land Deal,” Bozeman Daily Chronicle, Dec. 24, 2016, https://perma.cc/J9ZD-M7TW.
35 Brett French, “Landowner to Donate Property in Paradise Valley,” Billings Gazette, Oct. 23, 2016, https://perma.cc/FN6C-Y27Z.
36 Ibid.
37 Michael Wright, “Forest Service Working to Finalize Mill Creek Land Deal,” Bozeman Daily Chronicle, Dec. 24, 2016, https://perma.cc/J9ZD-M7TW.
38 Brett French, “Landowner to Donate Property in Paradise Valley,” Billings Gazette, Oct. 23, 2016, https://perma.cc/FN6C-Y27Z.
39 Ibid.
40 Michael Wright, “Forest Service Working to Finalize Mill Creek Land Deal,” Bozeman Daily Chronicle, Dec. 24, 2016, https://perma.cc/J9ZD-M7TW.
41 43 U.S.C. § 1715-16.
42 “Recreation Residence Program” (National Forest Homeowners, 2016), https://perma.cc/P7YS-Z3Q8.
43 Mary Clarke Ver Hoef, “Letter to Gaylon Lee, Forest Activities Program Manager, Division of Water Quality, State Water Resources Control Board,” Dec. 14, 2009, https://perma.cc/6EWT-YYK5; “Recreational Residences” (U.S. Forest Service), https://perma.cc/LPZ7-RUSK.
44 Vella Munn, “Cabins on National Forest Land” (Cabin Life), https://perma.cc/W2XL-VAXH.
45 “Historical Summary: USDA Forest Service’s Recreation Residence Program” (National Forest Homeowners), https://perma.cc/ZUS7-WSHY.
46 16 U.S.C. § 6214.
47 “Historical Summary: USDA Forest Service’s Recreation Residence Program” (National Forest Homeowners), https://perma.cc/ZUS7-WSHY.
48 Based on telephone interviews conducted by the author with U.S. Forest Service staff on Feb. 15, 2018
49 Mary Clarke Ver Hoef, “Letter to Gaylon Lee, Forest Activities Program Manager, Division of Water Quality, State Water Resources Control Board,” Dec. 14, 2009, https://perma.cc/6EWT-YYK5.
50 Ibid.
51 16 U.S.C. § 521e.
52 “H.R. 1214, National Forest Small Tracts Act Amendments Act of 2015, as Amended” (House Republican Policy Committee, 2015), https://perma.cc/ECF3-2WM9; “Sale of Forest Service Lands” (U.S. Forest Service, 2008), https://perma.cc/WGT9-T7XL.
53 “H.R. 1214, National Forest Small Tracts Act Amendments Act of 2015, as Amended” (House Republican Policy Committee, 2015), https://perma.cc/ECF3-2WM9.
54 36 C.F.R. § 254.20.
55 Ron Arnold, At the Eye of the Storm: James Watt and the Environmentalists (Regnery Gateway, 1982).
56 “Good Neighbor Authority” (U.S. Forest Service), https://perma.cc/F9Q7-58HB.
57 Shawn Regan, “Money To Burn,” National Review, Nov. 13, 2017, https://perma.cc/KXT7-DUPN; Todd Gartner and Zach Knight, “Fighting Fire with Finance,” PERCReports, Jul. 13, 2018, https://perma.cc/EP9S-2XUE.
58 Terry Anderson, “Environmental Protection Up in Smoke,” Wall Street Journal, Sep. 17, 2012, https://perma.cc/9FSH-5AQH.
59 “DNR and U.S. Forest Service Cooperate on ‘Good Neighbor Authority’” (Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Jul. 19, 2016), https://perma.cc/3TF3-RE35.
60 Terry Anderson, “Environmental Protection Up in Smoke,” Wall Street Journal, Sep. 17, 2012, https://perma.cc/9FSH-5AQH.
61 Warren Cornwall, “Why Does This Famous Protector of Trees Now Want to Cut Some Down?,” Science, Oct. 5, 2017, https://perma.cc/24P7-K8WV.
62 David Price, “First Good Neighbor Authority Timber Sale Contracts Awarded” (Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Oct. 18, 2016), https://perma.cc/VSD4-34YD.
63 Ibid.
64 “Forest Utilization & Marketing” (Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Feb. 28, 2018), https://perma.cc/5ZGQ-DG8Z.
65 Tim Kobasic, “Some Resolve to Motorized Riding in the Hiawatha,” Daily Press, Dec. 16, 2016, https://perma.cc/Q2TP-5XSJ.
66 Ibid.
67 Craig Pittman, “Plan for New Wildlife Refuge in Everglades Draws Opponents,” St. Petersburg Times, Feb. 21, 2011, https://perma.cc/92TN-NTB3.
68 Ibid.
69 Chris Wynn, north central regional director, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, email correspondence with the author, Feb. 28, 2018.
70 Based on February 27, 2018, telephone interview conducted by the author with Nick Wiley, chief conservation officer for Ducks Unlimited. Mr. Wiley was formerly the executive director of the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.
71 Mark Tercek, “New Everglades Refuge Benefits People, Wildlife, Ranching and Recreation” (Huffington Post, March 1, 2012), https://perma.cc/39FA-JSS6.
72 Carlton Ward Jr., “Buying Development Rights on Ranches Is Making Progress in Protecting the Everglades Headwaters,” Tampa Bay Times, Mar. 22, 2016, https://perma.cc/3HVS-G56K.
73 David Durando, “Florida Ranchlands Protect the Everglades Headwaters,” The Ledger, Feb. 19, 2017, https://perma.cc/EG9B-JY7W.
74 Emily Yehle, “Warring Parties in the ‘Amazon of North America’ Enjoy Rare Pause between Lawsuits” (Greenwire, Oct. 9, 2014), https://perma.cc/WU4P-QLRJ.
75 Ibid.
76 16 U.S.C. § 698f; “Timeline of Historic Events” (U.S. National Park Service, Oct. 29, 2017), https://perma.cc/K99A-JDYN.
77 Based on February 27, 2018, telephone interview conducted by the author with Nick Wiley, chief conservation officer for Ducks Unlimited. Mr. Wiley was formerly the executive director of the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.
78 Emily Yehle, “Warring Parties in the ‘Amazon of North America’ Enjoy Rare Pause between Lawsuits” (Greenwire, Oct. 9, 2014), https://perma.cc/WU4P-QLRJ.
79 Allie Conti, “Environmentalists Lose Lawsuit Over Buggies, Panthers, and Big Cypress Plan,” New Times Broward-Palm Beach, Sept. 23, 2014, https://perma.cc/W5NC-BJ2V.
80 David Fleshler, “Should Big Cypress Get More Protection?,” Sun Sentinel, Sep. 22, 2014, https://perma.cc/F4C9-X2KF.
81 Ibid.
82 Emily Yehle, “Warring Parties in the ‘Amazon of North America’ Enjoy Rare Pause between Lawsuits” (Greenwire, Oct. 9, 2014), https://perma.cc/WU4P-QLRJ.
83 John Whipple, “Letter to Mr. Pedro Ramos” (Safari Club International, Feb. 14, 2013), https://perma.cc/69HW-9UVT.
84 Based on February 27, 2018, telephone interview conducted by the author with Nick Wiley, chief conservation officer for Ducks Unlimited. Mr. Wiley was formerly the executive director of the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Emily Yehle, “Warring Parties in the ‘Amazon of North America’ Enjoy Rare Pause between Lawsuits” (Greenwire, Oct. 9, 2014), https://perma.cc/WU4P-QLRJ.
85 “SCI Helps Secure Victory in Big Cypress Addition Lands Lawsuit” (First For Hunters, Sept. 19, 2014), https://perma.cc/W4F5-DHJB.
86 National Parks Conservation Association v. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Case No. 2:11-cv-578-FtM-29CM (M.D. Fla. 2014).