1 U.S. Const. amend. VIII.
2 John-Michael Seibler and Jason Snead, “The History of Cash Bail” (The Heritage Foundation, Aug. 25, 2017), https://perma.cc/FJ7Q-F6DN.
3 “The Socioeconomic Impact of Pretrial Detention” (Open Society Foundations, 2011), https://perma.cc/Q4FE-TM57; Christopher T. Lowenkamp, Marie VanNostrand and Alexander Holsinger, “The Hidden Costs of Pretrial Detention” (The Laura and John Arnold Foundation, November 2013), https://perma.cc/C24R-CX83; Andrew D. Leipold, “How the Pretrial Process Contributes to Wrongful Convictions,” American Criminal Law Review 42, no. 4 (2005): 1123–1165, https://perma.cc/A6BU-HKK7.
4 “What is Bond, N” (The Law Dictionary), https://perma.cc/A7QB-DRAA.
5 “What is Bail, V” (The Law Dictionary), https://perma.cc/X8FG-Q3NZ.
6 An arraignment is a pretrial proceeding that generally takes place within 24 hours of an arrest. This is usually the point at which an arrestee under the jurisdiction of law enforcement becomes a criminal defendant under the jurisdiction of the court system. The judge formally reads the charges against him, informs him of his rights, decides whether to release or incarcerate him until trial and sets trial dates.
7 Mich. Const. Art. I, § 15.
8 MCR § 6.106(B)(5)-(6).
9 MCR 6.016(b)(4).
10 MCL § 765.6(1).
11 MCR § 6.106(C).
12 MCR § 6.106(B)(5)-(6).
13 MCR § 6.106(E).
14 MCR § 6.106(I)(3).
15 MCR § 6.106(E); MCL § 750.167b.
16 MCL § 750.167(b)(3).
17 MCL § 765.28(1).
18 Adam Liptak, “Illegal Globally, Bail for Profit Remains in the U.S,” The New York Times, Jan. 29, 2008, https://nyti.ms/2rFe5HJ.
19 MCL § 765.26(1); Taylor v. Taintor, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 366 (1872).
20 MCL § 765.26(3).
21 Megan Cassidy, “Bond Companies ‘extremely worried’ as Arizona Moves Away from Cash Bail Bonds,” The Republic, June 21, 2017, https://perma.cc/X8A5-GW37; “General Order No. 18.8A - Procedures for Bail Hearings and Pretrial Release” (Circuit Court of Cook County, 2018), https://perma.cc/998Q-Q6BE; Morgan Lee, “Bail Reforms Take Hold in New Mexico as Legal Culture Shifts,” Sante Fe New Mexican, June 5, 2017, https://perma.cc/8PEW-47VD; Michael Dresser, “Maryland Court of Appeals: Defendants Can’t Be Held in Jail Because They Can’t Afford Bail,” The Baltimore Sun, Feb. 8, 2017, https://perma.cc/B2WG-BYQ7.
22 “Alaska Becomes Latest State to Enact Bail Reform” (Equal Justice Initiative, Jan. 17, 2018), https://perma.cc/M9L9-PK4J.
23 Barbara Brosher, “Is Indiana Moving Away From Monetary Bail?” (WFYI, Sept. 28, 2017), https://bit.ly/2fNM4vc.
24 Kim Geiger, “Rauner Signs Law to Change Rules for Paying Cash to Get Out of Jail,” Chicago Tribune, June 9, 2017, https://perma.cc/ QMA3-AD83.
25 Honorable Thomas P. Boyd, 55th Judicial District Court, phone correspondence with Kahryn Riley, director of criminal justice reform, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, June 11, 2018.
26 Glenn A. Grant, “One Year Criminal Justice Reform: Report to the Governor and the Legislature, 2017” (New Jersey Judiciary, 2018), 4, https://perma.cc/9LD2-8STA.
27 Glenn A. Grant, “One Year Criminal Justice Reform: Report to the Governor and the Legislature, 2017” (New Jersey Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/9LD2-8STA.
28 “Public Safety Assessment: New Jersey Risk Factor Definitions” (New Jersey Courts, March 2018), https://perma.cc/6GR4-J5JF.
29 Glenn A. Grant, “One Year Criminal Justice Reform: Report to the Governor and the Legislature, 2017” (New Jersey Judiciary, 2018), https://perma.cc/9LD2-8STA.
30 T. Douglas et al., “Risk Assessment Tools in Criminal Justice and Forensic Psychiatry: The Need for Better Data,” European Psychiatry 42 (2017): 134–137, https://perma.cc/UU3U-AL8K; “New Data: Pretrial Risk Assessment Tool Works to Reduce Crime, Increase Court Appearances” (Laura and John Arnold Foundation, Aug. 8, 2016), https://perma.cc/LF3S-52DW.
31 Glenn A. Grant, “One Year Criminal Justice Reform: Report to the Governor and the Legislature, 2017” (New Jersey Judiciary, 2018), 4, https://perma.cc/9LD2-8STA.
32 Joe Hernandez, “It’s Been One Year Since N.J. Ditched Cash Bail. Here’s How It’s Going” (WHYY, Dec. 26, 2017), https://perma.cc/CE7F-ETTF.
33 S.P. Sullivan, “The Good News: N.J. Bail Overhaul Is Working. The Bad News: It’s Already Going Broke.,” NJ.Com, Feb. 13, 2018, https://perma.cc/66RF-UX23; Maddie Hanna, “N.J. Bail Reform Gets Top Grade from Advocates,” Philly.Com, Nov. 1, 2017, https://perma.cc/3NBA-JHRC.
34 Scott Dance, “Since Bail Reform, Maryland Holding Fewer People Who Can’t Afford Bond, Assembly Panel Told,” The Baltimore Sun, Jan. 16, 2018, https://perma.cc/JC3Q-9H6V.
35 Ovetta Wiggins, “Jury Still Out on Maryland’s New Bail Rules,” The Washington Post, July 5, 2017, https://perma.cc/8VXT-26FU.
36 Scott Dance, “Since Bail Reform, Maryland Holding Fewer People Who Can’t Afford Bond, Assembly Panel Told,” The Baltimore Sun, Jan. 16, 2018, https://perma.cc/9Z7G-5RX3.
37 Walter Olson, “Maryland’s Bail Reform is a Warning for Would-Be Moralizers,” The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 22, 2017, https://on.wsj.com/2InBbsH.
38 Ovetta Wiggins, “Jury Still Out on Maryland’s New Bail Rules,” The Washington Post, July 5, 2017, https://perma.cc/8VXT-26FU.
39 Gloria Gong, “Could Pay for Success Help Make Bail Reform a Reality?,” Governing, June 12, 2018, https://perma.cc/B6SU-8HG3.
40 Charles Crumm, “Pay to Stay: Inmates Billed for Time in County Jail,” Royal Oak Tribune, March 31, 2017, https://perma.cc/3BY8-S9MT.
41 Rick Snyder, “A Special Message from Governor Rick Snyder: Criminal Justice” (State of Michigan, May 18, 2015), https://perma.cc/G8GW-DTUU.
42 Milton L. Mack, Jr., “Memorandum: MC 240 – Order for Pretrial Release” (Michigan State Court Administrative Office, June 7, 2016), https://perma.cc/T83F-ARM5.
43 Susan Samples, “MI ‘Behind’ in Push to Release Inmates Before Trial” (WOOD-TV), https://perma.cc/A7L3-7Y2G.
44 Michael R. Jones, “Unsecured Bonds: The As Effective and Most Efficient Pretrail Release Option” (Pretrial Justice Institute, Oct. 2013), 11, https://perma.cc/SVE2-3UBK.
45 Michael R. Jones, “Unsecured Bonds: The As Effective and Most Efficient Pretrail Release Option” (Pretrial Justice Institute, Oct. 2013), 10, 20, https://perma.cc/SVE2-3UBK.
46 Mary T. Phillips, “Research Brief: Bail, Detention, & Nonfelony Case Outcomes” (New York City Criminal Justice Agency, Inc., May 2007), https://perma.cc/XQ6X-KSZA; Will Dobbie, Jacob Goldin and Crystal S. Yang, “The Effects of Pretrial Detention on Conviction, Future Crime, and Employment: Evidence from Randomly Assigned Judges,” American Economic Review 108, no. 2 (2018): 201–240, https://perma.cc/6GDG-RLCC; Christopher T. Lowenkamp, Marie VanNostrand and Alexander Holsinger, “Investigating the Impact of Pretrial Detention on Sentencing Outcomes” (The Laura and John Arnold Foundation, November 2013), https://perma.cc/66L7-SN4M.
47 Christopher T. Lowenkamp, Marie VanNostrand and Alexander Holsinger, “Investigating the Impact of Pretrial Detention on Sentencing Outcomes” (The Laura and John Arnold Foundation, November 2013), 3, https://perma.cc/66L7-SN4M.
48 Susan Samples, “No Cash, No Freedom: Bail Means Jail For W.MI’s Poor” (WOOD-TV), https://perma.cc/P9RP-ADCY.
49 MCL § 801.83(a).
50 Michael Barajas, “Bail Lawsuit Accuses Dallas County of Violating Poor People’s Rights in the Secret Hearing,” Texas Observer, April 4, 2018, https://perma.cc/4TTY-U5B6.
51 Steve Schmadeke, “Fate of Lawsuit over Cash Bail System, Criticized for Hurting Poor, Cout Be Decided Monday,” Chicago Tribune, Sept. 11, 2017, https://perma.cc/45UT-2A83; John Raphling, “California Court Orders Judges to Follow the Law on Bail,” San Francisco Chronicle, Feb. 2, 2018, https://perma.cc/3JXE-NCCJ; Michael Barajas, “Bail Lawsuit Accuses Dallas County of Violating Poor People’s Rights in the Secret Hearing,” Texas Observer, April 4, 2018, https://perma.cc/4TTY-U5B6.
52 For example, see: John Raphling, “Plead Guilty, Go Home. Plead Not Guilty, Stay in Jail,” Los Angeles Times, May 17, 2017, https://perma.cc/UDF3-NWUK.
53 “Five Things About Deterrence” (National Institute of Justice, June 6, 2016), https://perma.cc/64SN-Y8VL.
54 For example, see: Susan Samples, “No Cash, No Freedom: Bail Means Jail For W.MI’s Poor” (WOOD-TV), https://perma.cc/P9RP-ADCY.
55 MCL § 765.6(1).
56 “Public Safety Assessment: Risk Factors and Formula” (Laura and John Arnold Foundation, 2016), https://perma.cc/MBJ7-UBVR.
57 “Public Safety Assessment: Risk Factors and Formula” (Laura and John Arnold Foundation, 2016), https://perma.cc/MBJ7-UBVR.
58 “Public Safety Assessment: Risk Factors and Formula” (Laura and John Arnold Foundation, 2016), https://perma.cc/MBJ7-UBVR.
59 MCL § 780.581.
60 John A. Hohman, Jr., “Weekend Arraignment and Interim Bond” (Michigan State Court Adminstrative Office, May 7, 2015), https://perma.cc/2JVD-ZJEG.
61 MCL § 780.581-587.
62 MCR § 6.102(D).
63 Matt Rocheleau, “Some Court Systems Are Texting People to Get Them to Show up. Could It Work Here?,” The Boston Globe, Feb. 18, 2018, https://bit.ly/2EJ9MzP; Brice Cooke et al., “Using Behavioral Science to Improve Criminal Justice Outcomes: Preventing Failures to Appear in Court” (University of Chicago Crime Lab, January 2018), https://perma.cc/33UT-YWML.