1 Morris M. Kleiner, “The influence of occupational licensing and regulation” (IZA World of Labor, October 2017), https://perma. cc/G87D-SZES.
2 Morris M. Kleiner, “A Welfare Analysis of Occupational Licensing in U.S. States” (National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2019), https://perma.cc/VLG2-LH7C; “Occupational Licensing: A Framework For Policymakers” (The White House, July 2015), https://perma.cc/2JXX-UBS6.
3 Janna E. Johnson and Morris M. Kleiner, “Is Occupational Licensing a Barrier to Interstate Migration” (American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, vol. 12, no. 3, August 2020), https://perma.cc/NJ2V-E9B3.
4 Morris M. Kleiner and Evgeny S. Vorotnikov, “At What Cost?:State and National Estimates of the Economic Costs of Occupational Licensing” (Institute for Justice, November 2018), 18, https://perma.cc/5ACS-DNHX.
5 Chiara Farranato et al., “Consumer Protection in an Online World: An Analysis of Occupational Licensing” (National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2020), https://perma.cc/PV4J-NG9H.
6 Kyle Sweetland and Dick M. Carpenter II, “Raising Barriers, Not Quality: Occupational Licensing Fails to Improve Services” (Institute for Justice, October 2022), https://perma.cc/4CLX-W2DK.
7 Mindy Menjou, Michael Bednarczuk and Amy Hunter, “Beauty School Debt and Drop-Outs: How State Cosmetology Licensing Fails Aspiring Beauty Workers” (Institute for Justice, July 2021), https://perma.cc/F4SV-LTF4.
8 Kathy Sanchez, Elyse Smith Pohl and Lisa Knepper, “Too Many Licenses?: Government ‘Sunrise’ Reviews Cast Doubt on Barriers to Work” (Institute for Justice, February 2022), https://perma. cc/2WM2-L5GS.
9 “Occupational Licensing: A Framework For Policymakers” (The White House, July 2015), https://perma.cc/2JXX-UBS6.
10 “Dangerous Jobs” (Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Summer 1997), https://perma. cc/XGT3-TQSZ.
11 Morris M. Kleiner and Kyoung Won Park, "Life, limbs, and licensing: occupational regulation, wages, and workplace safety of electricians, 1992–2007," (Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2014), https://perma.cc/56FJ-C9VQ.
12 “Where Can Nurse Practitioners Work Without Physician Supervision?” (Simmons University, April 28, 2021), https://perma.cc/5L6K-QD4K.
13 Morris M. Kleiner et al., “Relaxing Occupational Licensing Requirements: Analyzing Wages and Prices for Medical Service” (The Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 59, no. 2, May 2016), https://perma.cc/JQ8E-QQRD.
14 Shishir Shakya and Alicia Plemmons, “Does Scope of Practice Affect Mobility of Nurse Practitioners Serving Medicare Beneficiaries?” (Journal of Labor Research, vol. 41, Nov. 15, 2020), https://perma.cc/TRR6-463G.
15 Moiz Bhai and David T. Mitchell, “The Effect of Occupational Licensing Reform for Nurse Practitioners on Children’s Health” (Southern Economic Journal, July 3, 2022), https://perma.cc/ APL4-RBCD.
16 “License Types & Active Counts” (Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs, Bureau of Professional Licensing, May 17, 2023), https://perma.cc/3EGA-YZEC.
17 “Economy at a Glance: Michigan” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023), https://perma.cc/24DX-67GW.
18 Based on data available at mischooldata.org.
19 Elizabeth Raczkowski, “Occupational Licensing in Michigan” (Michigan Senate Fiscal Agency, Summer 2019), https://perma.cc/ED5Y-4CDN.
20 Noah Trudeau and Edward Timmons, “2023 State Occupational Licensing Index,” (Archbridge Institute, March 2023), 11, https://perma.cc/RS7G-EA8U.
21 Patrick McLaughlin et al., “The State of Occupational Licensure in Michigan” (Mercatus Center, Feb. 28, 2018), https://perma.cc/8F3D-QDSM.
22 Patrick McLaughlin et al., “The State of Occupational Licensure in Michigan” (Mercatus Center, Feb. 28, 2018), https://perma.cc/8F3D-QDSM; Mich Const, Art. V, § 5.
23 “Michigan’s Occupational Licensing Requirements” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, 2023), https://perma.cc/ZTH4-BP79; “Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs Funding History” (Michigan Senate Fiscal Agency, April 7, 2023), https://perma.cc/R3BP-ELMW.
24 For more about this, see: Jarrett Skorup, “This Isn’t Working: How Michigan’s Licensing Laws Hurt Workers and Consumers” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, March 15, 2017), 8-9, https://perma.cc/622T-F2FY.
25 George J. Stigler, “The Theory of Economic Regulation” (Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, vol. 2 (Spring), 1971), https://perma.cc/2D5P-YBAU.
26 Tom Gantert, “1,200 Hours To Be a Lawyer, But 2,000 To Be a Barber” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, April 16, 2012), https://perma.cc/WZ4H-P9VS.
27 Jarrett Skorup, “Michigan Considering Excessive Hunting and Fishing Regulations” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, March 13, 2020), https://perma.cc/AL2P-DYSJ. See also, Jarrett Skorup, “Michigan Lawmakers Propose Strict Hunting and Fishing Guide Regulations” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, May 1, 2019), https://perma.cc/73PD-2ESE and Jarrett Skorup, “Michigan Senate takes aim at licensing hunting, fishing guides” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, May 18, 2023), https://perma.cc/ GHU9-HSNA.
28 Jeff Stoutenburg and Paul Holland, “Repeal Licensure of Dieticians & Nutritionists: House Bill 4688” (Michigan House Fiscal Agency, Oct. 14, 2013), https://perma.cc/TXJ2-MPXP.
29 Jarrett Skorup, “Michigan Should Not Bring Back Dietitian and Nutritionist Licensing” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, May 10, 2022), https://perma.cc/B7ND-LBAA.
30 Jarrett Skorup, “MichiganVotes: Legislation Would Eliminate Licensing Mandate on Dieticians, Nutritionists” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, June 1, 2013), https://perma.cc/3JXU-GXDM.
31 Susan Stutzky and Marcus Coffin, “Mortuary Science Licensure Requirements: House Bill 4437 as enacted” (Michigan House Fiscal Agency, April 2, 2021), https://perma.cc/RB57-M67Q.
32 Jarrett Skorup, “No Evidence Michigan License for Funeral Homes is Effective” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, May 15, 2020), https://perma.cc/C3XL-5PLT.
33 Jarrett Skorup, “You Shouldn’t Need a License to Work as a Property Manager” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, July 16, 2021), https://perma.cc/BCW3-CP9G.
34 Jarrett Skorup, “National Groups Push Music Therapist Licensing – Which Benefits Themselves” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Sept. 5, 2019), https://perma.cc/R9BF-NU5C.
35 Madeline Petlzer, “Possible Fire Sprinkler License Would Be Nation’s Most Restrictive” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, July 15, 2019), https://perma.cc/9E2J-4BSX.
36 Jarrett Skorup, “Michigan Food Delivery Drivers Don’t Need New Government Mandates” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Feb. 11, 2022), https://perma.cc/S4FD-X62C.
37 Jarrett Skorup, “Michigan Unwisely Moving to Add New Licensing Requirements on Solar Panel Installers” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, June 4, 2021), https://perma.cc/L9F3-VWYR; Jenny McInerney and Marcus Coffin, “Electrical Energy Supply Agency” (Michigan House Fiscal Agency, May 27, 2021), https://perma.cc/A3YB-8QF9.
38 Edward Timmons and Jarrett Skorup, “State licensing should only be a last resort” (The Detroit News, June 2, 2018), https://perma.cc/44AF-7GHG.
39 “2018 Senate Bill 826: Impose licensure on “naturopathic physicians” (MichiganVotes.org, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, 2023), https://perma.cc/3ADD-P7RJ.
40 “2015 House Bill 4598: Impose licensure on midwives” (MichiganVotes.org, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, 2023), https://perma.cc/5JEK-PZQQ.
41 Madeline Peltzer, “New Licensure Mandate And Fees Make It Harder To Be A Midwife” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, July 12, 2019), https://perma.cc/H7XU-5ARW.
42 Scott McClallen, “Bill aims to add Michigan to Nurse Licensure Compact” (The Center Square, Feb. 16, 2021), https://perma.cc/V4RR-2QKQ; Jenny McInerney, Marcus Coffin and Robin Risko, “Nurse Licensure Compact: House Bill 4042 (H-1) as referred to second committee” (Michigan House Fiscal Agency, Feb. 25, 2020), https://perma.cc/SM3W-57UX; Jarrett Skorup, “Whitmer Is Standing In the Way of Health Professionals” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Sept. 23, 2021), https://perma.cc/EHG2-2DJW.
43 Jarrett Skorup, “Three Reforms to Bring Down Michigan Health Care Costs” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, May 18, 2016), https://perma. cc/SG6W-UCUD.
44 Ted Roelofs, “Giving Michigan nurses more authority to prescribe drugs and treat patients” (Bridge Michigan, Oct. 8, 2015), https://perma.cc/A48Y-FMC6.
45 Jarrett Skorup and Lindsay B. Killen, “Michigan Should Permanently Loosen Restrictions on Medical Scope of Practice, Not Reinstate Them” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Aug. 3, 2020), https://perma.cc/8G26-N3CH.
46 Evan Carter, “Need A License To Shampoo Hair For Pay? Michigan Says ‘Yes’” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, July 25, 2017), https://perma.cc/D2MF-KC8M.
47 Derek Draplin, “Good With His Hands, But Sidelined By Massage License Requirement” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, March 21, 2017), https://perma.cc/4FEY-KFD2.
48 Jarrett Skorup, “Vet Saves Dog's Life, Family is Happy – State Sanctions Him” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, July 14, 2016), https://perma.cc/5QPQ-2XZ8.
49 Jarrett Skorup, “Past Mistakes Haunt Builder Trying to Find Work” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Dec. 22, 2017), https://perma.cc/TA32-6KPJ; Jarret Skorup, “Ex-Con Working as Nurse Gets Denied License When Moving to Michigan” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Dec. 1, 2017), https://perma.cc/L3UY-8JNJ.
50 Evan Carter, “State Law May Drive Job-Seeking Michigan Woman To Move Elsewhere” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, April 13, 2018), https://perma.cc/TZQ8-CB3Z; Andrew Wilford, “Licenses and Certifications: What’s the Difference?” (Free Together), https://perma.cc/3CZF-2KFL.
51 Evan Carter, “State Licensure Mandate Ensnarls Another Hair Braider” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Aug. 4, 2017), https://perma.cc/N94N-JPKN; “Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2022: 39-5012 Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 25, 2023), https://perma.cc/6CRK-M8QC.
52 Keely Lovern, “Holland hair braider fighting to change license laws in the State of Michigan” (WZZM, March 23, 2022), https://perma.cc/6AVB-7QGJ; Jamie A. Hope, “Michigan Hair Shampooers Must Get A Cosmetology License That Requires 1,500 Hours of Training” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, May 5, 2022), https://perma.cc/S9V7-QPS7.
53 “Frequently Asked Questions – General Licensing Issues” (Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs, Sept. 24, 2010), https://perma.cc/UP97-FHRR.
54 MCL § 339.2403(f).
55 Jarrett Skorup, “Superintendent Earns Praise Painting School – Which Would Be Illegal If He Were Paid” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Aug. 16, 2018), https://perma.cc/QJ56-2RBN; “2017 House Bill 4608: Exempt residential painters and decorators from licensure mandate” (MichiganVotes.org, 2023), https://perma.cc/XCL3-6WZM.
56 Jarrett Skorup, “Want More School Librarians in Michigan? Reform State Licensing Law” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Aug. 15, 2019), https://perma.cc/F47H-MPEW; “State Aid to Public Libraries Application Process” (Michigan Department of Education, Library of Michigan, Oct. 1, 2011), https://perma. cc/U9R4-4ECK.
57 “Farmers Market FAQ” (Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development, 2023), https://perma.cc/UZ2L-LT3S. Michigan’s Cottage Food Law provides some exemptions to these licensing requirements for certain types of foods produced in a home kitchen. “Michigan Cottage Foods Information” (Michigan Department of Agriculture & Rural Development, 2023), https://perma.cc/MAL2-NNW4.
58 “Explanation of Nursery License Types” (Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Aug. 8, 2022), https://perma.cc/5T9Z-CK6E; MCL § 286.209.
59 “Michigan’s Occupational Licensing Requirements” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, 2023), https://perma.cc/ZTH4-BP79.
60 “Learn to Fly” (University of Michigan Flyers), https://perma.cc/4658-CNBT; MCL § 339.1203a(5)(b).
61 “1500 Hour Rule” (ATP, 2023), https://perma.cc/7YWK-KMBN; Evan Carter, “Need A License To Shampoo Hair For Pay? Michigan Says ‘Yes’” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, July 25, 2017), https://perma.cc/D2MF-KC8M.
62 “Basic Training Curriculum and Training Objectives” (Michigan Commission on Law Enforcement Standards, 2022), https://perma.cc/F5TJ-HS9X; “Michigan Barber Licensing Guidelines” (Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs, Jan. 12, 2022), https://perma.cc/AJH6-FNK7.
63 For more information about these specific bills, see the following descriptions provided by MichiganVotes.org: “2013 House Bill 4684: Repeal auctioneer registration mandate,” https://www.michiganvotes.org/2013-HB-4684; “2013 Senate Bill 494: Repeal licensure of ‘community planners,’” https://www.michiganvotes.org/2013-SB-494; “2013 House Bill 4688: Repeal licensure mandates for dietitians and nutritionists,” https://www.michiganvotes.org/2013-HB-4688; “2013 House Bill 4528: Revise “immigration clerical assistant” registration,” https://www.michiganvotes.org/2013-HB-4528; “2013 Senate Bill 479: Repeal interior designer registration,” https://www.michiganvotes.org/2013-SB-479; “2013 Senate Bill 607: Repeal ocularist registration,” https://www.michiganvotes.org/2013-SB-607; “2017 House Bill 4608: Exempt residential painters and decorators from licensure,” https://www.michiganvotes.org/2017-HB-4608; “2013 House Bill 4376: Repeal “proprietary school solicitor” permit mandate,” https://www.michiganvotes.org/2013-HB-4376.
64 For more information about these specific bills, see the following descriptions provided by MichiganVotes.org: “2019 Senate Bill 434: Authorize rules for cosmetology ‘mobile salons’,” https://www.michiganvotes.org/2019-SB-434; “2019 House Bill 4325: Revise clinical counselor licensure details,” https://www.michiganvotes.org/2019-HB-4325; “2021 House Bill 4359: Define nurse anesthetist scope of practice,” https://www.michiganvotes.org/2021-HB-4359; “2019 Senate Bill 184: Revise athletic trainer licensure detail,” https://www.michiganvotes.org/2019-SB-184; “2021 House Bill 4207: Revise barber licensure,” https://www.michiganvotes.org/2021-HB-4207; “2020 House Bill 5827: Facilitate other state dental therapists practicing in Michigan,” https://www.michiganvotes.org/2020-HB-5827.
65 Rick Yuille, Patrick Morris and Ben Gielczyk, “Local Government Occupational Licensing Act” (Michigan House Fiscal Agency, Dec. 28, 2018), https://perma.cc/H7TP-GRX8.
66 Jamie A. Hope, “Lucky 8-Ball Says: Signs Point To Legal Trouble for Local Bans Of Fortune Tellers” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, April 22, 2022), https://perma.cc/W5BE-KUZE.
67 Lansing Code of Ordinances, “Chapter 805 – Auctions” (City of Lansing, April 4, 2023), https://perma.cc/4WTL-BHSP.
68 “Apply for a Snowplow Business License” (City of Grand Rapids, 2023), https://perma.cc/L7KW-56L6.
69 Jarrett Skorup, “Reduce licensing, get Detroit booming again” (The Detroit News, March 30, 2017), https://perma.cc/TUJ6-KKKA.
70 Jamie A. Hope, “Detroit Repeals Some Burdensome Business And Occupational License Mandates” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, March 16, 2022), https://perma.cc/8DUR-42CR.
71 Susan Stutzky and Marcus Coffin, “‘Good Moral Character’ Requirements” (Michigan House Fiscal Agency, Jan. 27, 2021), https://perma.cc/4GXC-ZWLX.
72 Jamie A. Hope, “Did The Crime, Served The Time — And Now He Can Make A Living” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, March 26, 2022), https://perma. cc/RA23-CTLM.
73 “Good Moral Character Report Fiscal Year – 2021” (Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs, Nov. 30, 2021), https://perma.cc/2S4L-H238; “Good Moral Character Report Fiscal Year – 2022” (Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs, Dec. 1, 2022), https://perma.cc/6EFQ-KHGU.
74 Tyler VanHuyse and Joe Carrasco, Jr., “Licensin [sic] Req.; Veteran Exemptions” (Michigan Senate Fiscal Agency, Aug. 17, 2022), https://perma.cc/KQ5A-J78M; Jarrett Skorup, “Common Sense Licensing Reforms for Military Families a Good Start” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Nov. 11, 2020), https://perma.cc/96MF-9HNZ.
75 “Recommendations Of The Office Of Regulatory Reinvention Regarding Occupational Licensing” (Michigan Office of Regulatory Reinvention, Feb. 17, 2012), https://perma.cc/6LU4-YU8S.
76 Jarrett Skorup and Thomas Hemphill, “How To Analyze Occupational Licensing Laws” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, 2020), https://perma.cc/Y6FN-EWNF.
77 Fiona Kelliher, “Detroit fetal remains scandal: What we know” (Detroit Free Press, Oct. 22, 2018), https://perma.cc/Y2U9-2P3F; Jarrett Skorup, “State Licensing Didn’t Stop Funeral Home Horror Show” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Feb. 22, 2019), https://perma.cc/GY27-QYJJ.
78 Parker Thayer, “Why Can Funeral Directors Only Manage One Home Per County?” (Michigan Capitol Confidential, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, June 17, 2020), https://perma.cc/T4LS-S85F; “Regulations in Funeral Service Licensing, Continuing Education, and Pre-Need” (The International Conference of Funeral Service Examining Boards, June 2019), https://perma.cc/7V9M-UDQS.
79 Brandon Pizzola and Alexander Tabarrok, “Occupational licensing causes a wage premium: Evidence from a natural experiment in Colorado’s funeral services industry” (International Review of Law and Economics, vol. 50, June 2017), https://perma.cc/H3GT-F3BC.
80 Hasan Dudar, “Officials: Mold-covered bodies found at Detroit funeral home” (Detroit Free Press, April 25, 2018), https://perma.cc/75VZ-WPVJ.