1 Michelle Mark, “18 Complaints in 19 Years, and a Murder Conviction: What We Know About Ex-Minneapolis Police Officer Derek Chauvin” (Business Insider, April 20, 2021), https://perma. cc/PY65-J92F.
2 “Labor Agreement, 2017-2019: Police Unit” (The City of Minneapolis and The Police Officers’ Federation of Minneapolis), https://perma.cc/42FB-HN3B.
3 Mark Iris, “Police Discipline in Chicago: Arbitration or Arbitrary,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 89, No. 1: 215-244 (Northwestern University, School of Law, 1999), 224, https://perma.cc/S9EE-XP5V.
4 Rad, Abdul, “Police Institutions and Police Abuse: Evidence from the US” (University of Oxford, April 23, 2018), 2, https://perma.cc/66LG-48GM.
5 Jamein Cunningham, Donna Feir and Rob Gillezeau, “Collective Bargaining Rights, Policing, and Civilian Deaths” (IZA Institute of Labor Economics, 2021), 1, https://perma.cc/85MS-GB3A.
6 Jamein Cunningham, Donna Feir and Rob Gillezeau, “Collective Bargaining Rights, Policing, and Civilian Deaths” (IZA Institute of Labor Economics, 2021), 3, https://perma.cc/85MS-GB3A.
7 “In re Enterprise Wire Co and Enterprise Independent Union,” 46 LA 359 (March 28, 1966), https://perma.cc/UE8S-R6PT.
8 Samuel Estreicher, Michael Heise and David S. Sherwyn, “Evaluating Employment Arbitration: A Call for Better Empirical Research,” Rutgers University Law Review, vol. 70: 382, https://perma.cc/FQ6E-EEJ9.
9 Christopher R. Drahozal, “Arbitration Costs and Forum Accessibility: Empirical Evidence” University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, vol. 41: 826-29, https://perma.cc/RR45-N4NN.
10 Christopher R. Drahozal, “Arbitration Costs and Forum Accessibility: Empirical Evidence” University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, vol. 41: 820, https://perma.cc/RR45-N4NN.
11 Stanley T. Dobry and David J. Houston, “Do Labor Arbitrators’ Scorecards Threaten the System?” (Michigan Lawyers Weekly, Feb. 3, 2012), https://perma.cc/5JAR-NGFJ.
12 Shalia Dewan and Serge F. Kovaleski, “Thousands of Complaints Do Little to Change Police Ways” (The New York Times, May 30, 2020), https://perma.cc/ME8F-JEFB,
13 Mark Iris, “Police Discipline in Chicago: Arbitration or Arbitrary,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 89, No. 1: 215-244 (Northwestern University, School of Law, 1999), 225-26, https://perma.cc/S9EE-XP5V.
14 Jennifer Bjorhus, “Fired Minnesota Officers Have a Proven Career Saver: Arbitration” (Star Tribune, June 21, 2020), https://perma.cc/NUM8-A9VX.
15 Jennifer Bjorhus, “Fired Minnesota Officers Have a Proven Career Saver: Arbitration” (Star Tribune, June 21, 2020), https://perma.cc/NUM8-A9VX.
16 Stanley T. Dobry and David J. Houston, “Do Labor Arbitrators’ Scorecards Threaten the System?” (Michigan Lawyers Weekly, Feb. 3, 2012), https://perma.cc/5JAR-NGFJ; Jennifer Bjorhus, “Fired Minnesota Officers Have a Proven Career Saver: Arbitration” (Star Tribune, June 21, 2020), https://perma.cc/NUM8-A9VX.
17 Christopher R. Drahozal, “Arbitration Costs and Forum Accessibility: Empirical Evidence” University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, vol. 41: 820, https://perma.cc/RR45-N4NN.
18 Ross Jones, “Police Misconduct Claims Cost Detroit Taxpayers $19.1 Million Since 2015” (WXYZ Detroit, June 14, 2018), https://perma.cc/6YF6-GGYH.
19 C.J. Ciaramella, “Detroit Police Department Settles Another Dog Shooting Lawsuit After Video Contradicts Cop's Account” (Reason Foundation, July 31, 2020), https://perma.cc/R7MC-BVX3.
20 Sam Allard, “Euclid Reaches $475,000 Settlement With Black Man Officers Tased and Pepper Sprayed When He Reached for Colostomy Bag” (Cleveland Scene, Dec. 22, 2020), https://perma. cc/Z66D-3CTN.
21 “City Approves Lawsuit Settlements During Heated Meeting” (WBBJ Eyewitness News, Nov. 10, 2020), https://perma.cc/ M8N4-CDRE.
22 Katherine Rose, “Former Officer Wins Harassment Settlement, Promises Investigation of Sitka Police” (Raven Radio, Aug. 18, 2020), https://perma.cc/H4TV-Z2N6.
23 Saucier v. Katz, 533 US 194, 201-202 (2001), https://perma.cc/ Q8FD-U39D.
24 Saucier v. Katz, 533 US 194, 202 (2001), https://perma.cc/ Q8FD-U39D.
25 Mullenix v. Luna, 577 US 7, 12 (2015), https://perma.cc/2UZV-B4YA.
26 MCL § 423.215(3)(a)-(q).
