1 “Hard Facts: An Energy Primer” (Institute for Energy Research, 2015), https://perma.cc/RK9Y-UH9R.
2 Jason Hayes, “What is Electricity Choice?” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Oct. 5, 2016), https://perma.cc/EWF2-QBDX.
3 Bethel Afework et al., “Waste Heat” (University of Calgary, May 18, 2018), https://perma.cc/PJR7-HJ6P.
4 “Steam Turbines” (U.S. Department of Energy, July 2016), https://perma.cc/L6PF-2S8H.
5 Bethel Afework et al., “Simple Cycle Gas Plant” (University of Calgary, Sept. 3, 2018), https://perma.cc/SCG4-AM8L.
6 “Spinning Reserve” (Energy Storage Association, 2019), https://perma.cc/2N7P-4B8E.
7 Nikhil Kumar, “Should You Care about Power Plant Cycling?” (Interek Group, Dec. 26, 2012), https://perma.cc/ZW2S-JUML.
8 Matt Rautkivi, “The Flexibility of Internal Combustion Engines,” Power Engineering (Clarion Events, Sept. 19, 2014), https://perma.cc/Y2K8-VW3V.
9 Bethel Afework et al., “Rankine Cycle” (University of Calgary, Jul. 21, 2018), https://perma.cc/QZX6-ZJX9.
10 “Combined Cycle Power Plant: How It Works” (General Electric, 2019), https://perma.cc/758C-QKG5.
11 “Breaking the Power Plant Efficiency Record” (General Electric, 2019), https://perma.cc/5TRZ-9VXD; Zoltan S. Spakovszky, “Combined Cycles in Stationary Gas Turbine for Power Production,” Unified: Thermodynamics and Propulsion (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999), https://perma. cc/MQC2-LNFA.
12 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-860.
13 Matt Rautkivi, “The Flexibility of Internal Combustion Engines,” Power Engineering (Clarion Events, Sept. 19, 2014), https://perma.cc/Y2K8-VW3V.
14 “Pumped Storage Hydro Electricity” (Consumers Energy, 2019), https://perma.cc/4KLH-J5GJ. Note: The 2016 EIA 860 form from the U.S. Energy Information Administration reports the Ludington generation facility has a nameplate capacity of 1,979 MW.
15 Dave Alexander, “Ludington Area Officials Thrilled with $800 Million Investment in the Pumped Storage Plant,” MLive.com, Feb. 8, 2011, https://perma.cc/7H66-QHLG.
16 Ryan Wiser and Mark Bolinger, “2017 Wind Technologies Market Report” (U.S. Department of Energy, Aug. 2018), https://perma.cc/7PQH-PBSC.
17 “V90-2.0 MW At A Glance” (Vestas, 2018), https://perma.cc/ WHQ5-7CZJ.
18 Ryan Brainard, “New Iowa Wind Turbine Will Be Tallest in the Nation” (KHAK, Nov. 17, 2015), https://perma.cc/E8WY-H3X9.
19 Betsy Lillian, “Goldwind Installs 199.2-Meter Wind Turbine in Texas,” North American Windpower, May 8, 2018, https://perma. cc/85W9-XEP8.
20 Michael Dhar, “How Do Solar Panels Work?” (LiveScience, Dec. 6, 2017), https://perma.cc/6ARF-CZAA.
21 “Solar Photovoltaic Technology Basics” (U.S. Department of Energy, Aug. 16, 2013), https://perma.cc/FSX6-AZTS.
22 “These Are The Biggest Solar Power Plants In America” (Alba Energy, April 16, 2018), https://perma.cc/2B45-GWEH.
23 “60 MW DTE Energy Solar Farm” (J. Ranck Electric, 2019), https://perma.cc/NV2G-WCGR.
24 “Clean Energy Plan” (Consumers Energy, 2019), https://perma.cc/K6VS-BDNG; “DTE 2019 Integrated Resource Plan Summary: Clean, Reliable Solutions to Power Michigan’s Future” (DTE Energy, 2019), https://perma.cc/Y3K7-CZKZ.
25 U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Rankings: Natural Gas Marketed Production, 2018,” https://perma.cc/568X-UV5P.
26 Samantha Gross, “The New Energy Abundance—what Happens When Energy Prices Are Lower for Longer?” (Brookings Institution, Oct. 19, 2017) https://perma.cc/94MT-HKSV; Author’s calculations based on EIA data.
27 “Hydraulic Fracturing in Michigan” (Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy, undated, 2020), https://perma.cc/SQS2-RD9C.
28 “Clean Energy Plan” (Consumers Energy, 2019), https://perma.cc/K6VS-BDNG; “DTE 2019 Integrated Resource Plan Summary: Clean, Reliable Solutions to Power Michigan’s Future” (DTE Energy, 2019), https://perma.cc/Y3K7-CZKZ.
29 “Blue Water Energy Center Information” (DTE Energy, 2019), https://empoweringmichigan.com/bluewater/.
30 David Eggert, “Michigan Regulators Approve New DTE Natural Gas Power Plant” (Associated Press, April 27, 2018), https://perma.cc/FUY7-L6QY.
31 “Our Bold Goal for Michigan’s Clean Energy Future: Net Zero Carbon Emissions by 2050” (DTE Energy, 2020), https://dte cleanenergy.com/.
32 “2019 Clean Energy Plan” (Consumers Energy, 2019), https://perma.cc/K6VS-BDNG.
33 “Consumers Energy Commits to Net Zero Carbon Emissions, Takes Stand for the Planet” (Consumers Energy via Ciston PR Newswire, 2020), https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/consumers-energy-commits-to-net-zero-carbon-emissions-takes-stand-for-the-planet-301009233.html.
34 Lee Bergquist, “WEC Energy Group closes Presque Isle power plant in the U.P. as the company shifts away from coal,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, April 1, 2019, https://perma.cc /DV6R-2VA5.
35 “Frequently Asked Questions: How Much Natural Gas Does the United States Have, and How Long Will It Last?” (U.S. Energy Information Administration, April 5, 2019), https://perma.cc /V4FQ-S2A7.
36 John Krohn, Nicholas Skarzynski and Katie Teller, “Growth in Domestic Natural Gas Production Leads to Development of LNG Export Terminals,” Today in Energy (U.S. Energy Information Administration, March 4, 2016), https://perma.cc/3WK5-2BHN.
37 “Natural Gas” (U.S. Energy Information Administration, Dec. 8, 2020), https://perma.cc/DUJ6-6EYF.
38 Tim Gould and Christophe McGlade, “Commentary: The Environmental Case for Natural Gas” (International Energy Agency, Oct. 23, 2017), https://perma.cc/99MT-7F52; “Energy and Air Pollution” (International Energy Agency, 2016), https://perma.cc/J9JS-9475.
39 “Natural Gas in the Cleanest Fossil Fuel” (International Gas Union, 2017), https://perma.cc/5X5X-HCCX.
40 Jason Hayes and Isaac Orr, “Mix one part Green New Deal with one part polar vortex” (The Hill, Feb. 15, 2019), https://perma.cc/8UEB-7D36.
41 For more information, see: “Killing an American Industry: Coal” (Institute for Energy Research, May 3, 2016), https://perma.cc/ZV5W-V6UL; “Direct Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy in Fiscal Year 2016” (United States Energy Information Administration, April 2018), https://perma.cc/RMJ7-93S2.
42 “Our Bold Goal for Michigan’s Clean Energy Future: Net Zero Carbon Emissions by 2050” (DTE Energy, 2020), https://dte cleanenergy.com/.
43 “7 Coal Plants Retire” (Consumers Energy, 2019), https://perma.cc/254Z-H4X8.
44 “2019 Clean Energy Plan” (Consumers Energy, 2019), https://perma.cc/K6VS-BDNG.
45 “Consumers Energy Commits to Net Zero Carbon Emissions, Takes Stand for the Planet” (Consumers Energy via Ciston PR Newswire, 2020), https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/consumers-energy-commits-to-net-zero-carbon-emissions-takes-stand-for-the-planet-301009233.html.
46 Lee Bergquist, “WEC Energy Group closes Presque Isle power plant in the U.P. as the company shifts away from coal,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, April 1, 2019, https://perma.cc /DV6R-2VA5.
47 “Natural Gas Generating Stations” (Upper Michigan Energy Resources), https://perma.cc/9LFE-BZWV.
48 Thomas F. Stacy and George S. Taylor, “Levelised Cost of Electricity from Existing Generation Resources” (Institute for Energy Research, June 2015), https://perma.cc/GV3X-QEFE.
49 “Reliability, Resilience and the Oncoming Wave of Retiring Baseload Units,” (National Energy Technology Laboratory, March 13, 2018), https://perma.cc/2F5H-TV2A. Note: This study indicates large coal plants are typically run at high capacity factors of over 70% when they are at or under 35 years of age. After age 50, their capacity factors tend to fall off “precipitously.”
50 Isaac Orr and Fred Palmer, “How the Premature Retirement of Coal-Fired Power Plants Affects Energy Reliability, Affordability” (The Heartland Institute, Feb. 2018), https://perma.cc/9TXF-BC4S; “Staff Report to the Secretary on Electricity Markets and Reliability” (United States Department of Energy, Aug. 2017), https://perma.cc/Y9MA-H6ZY; “About Energy Analysis” (National Energy Technology Laboratory, 2019), https://perma.cc/8J8Z-X4U2.
51 “Coal and the Environment” (United States Energy Information Administration, Jan. 17, 2019), https://perma.cc/5K5F-6VKL; “Cleaner Power Plants” (United States Environmental Protection Agency, March 4, 2019), https://perma.cc/GC9T-APCP.
52 “Office of Clean Coal and Carbon Management” (United States Office of Fossil Energy, 2019), https://perma.cc/CFN7-2RNY; “Cleaner Power Plants” (United States Environmental Protection Agency, March 2019).
53 “Cost and Performance Characteristics of New Generating Technologies, Annual Energy Outlook 2019” (United States Energy Information Administration, Jan. 2019), https://perma. cc/6N6P-N86M.
54 “Location of New Nuclear Power Reactor Applications” (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Sept. 15, 2019), https://perma.cc/LJ6W-5VEK; “Nuclear Power in the USA” (World Nuclear Association, April 2019), https://perma.cc /F4CZ-F739.
55 “Nuclear Fuel” (Nuclear Energy Institute, 2019), https://perma.cc/V2CQ-HNP2; Conca James, “When Should A Nuclear Power Plant Be Refueled?” (Forbes, May 11, 2015), https://perma.cc/MAF8-ELWL.
56 Jay Greene, “Nuclear Power Expansion for DTE in Michigan Is Long-Range Strategy Option” (Crain’s Detroit Business, April 26, 2017), https://perma.cc/BX44-DN58.
57 “Nuclear Fuel” (Nuclear Energy Institute, 2019).
58 “Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption and Fuel Ethanol” (United States Energy Information Administration, April 2019), https://perma.cc/V2GK-MQWW; “Frequently Asked Questions: What Is the Heat Content of U.S. Coal?” (United States Energy Information Administration, March 29, 2019), https://perma.cc/K6RN-T2Q9; “Frequently Asked Questions: How Much Electricity Does an American Home Use?” (United States Energy Information Administration, Oct. 26, 2018), https://perma.cc/43ZD-DSSU.
59 Bryce, R. (2014). Smaller Faster Lighter Denser Cheaper New York, NY: Public Affairs.
60 “Radionuclide Basics : Iodine” (United States Environmental Protection Agency, March 28, 2019), https://perma.cc/N6S8-KTYM.
61 “Nuclear Waste” (Nuclear Energy Institute, 2019), https://perma.cc/AF7T-2NLE.
62 Kalina Oroschakoff and Marion Solletty, “Burying the atom: Europe struggles to dispose of nuclear waste,” (Politico, Jan. 16, 2018), https://perma.cc/9EG9-6ERM.
63 “Cost and Performance Characteristics of New Generating Technologies, Annual Energy Outlook 2019” (United States Energy Information Administration, Jan. 2019), https://perma. cc/HNN7-FCQX.
64 “Regulations Hurt Economics of Nuclear Power” (Institute for Energy Research, Jan. 19, 2018), https://perma.cc/E5BD-3ERB.
65 See: NuScale Power, LLC https://www.nuscalepower.com.
66 Sally A. Talberg and Norman J. Saari, “Report on the Implementation and Cost-Effectiveness of the P.A. 295 Renewable Energy Standard” (Michigan Public Service Commission, Feb. 15, 2019), 22, https://perma.cc/9MN8-QPBH.
67 “Federal Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit (PTC),” Dsire Usa (United States Department of Energy, Feb. 28, 2018), https://perma.cc/UNC9-ZXP5; United States, “US Approves Five-Year PTC Phase Out” (Wind Power Monthly, Dec. 18, 2015), https://perma.cc/V5LD-9TUV; Jason Hayes, “Do Renewables Really Make Economic Sense?” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, May 10, 2017), https://perma.cc/SS5P-ZD4C; “Tax Credits and Solar Tariffs Affect Timing of Projected Renewable Power Plant Deployment” (United States Energy Information Administration, May 15, 2018), https://perma.cc/29U6-NRKE.
68 “Enrolled Senate Bill No. 438” (The State of Michigan, April 20, 2017), https://perma.cc/4R7B-LHUE.
69 DTE has committed to an 80% CO2 reduction in “DTE 2019 Integrated Resource Plan Summary: Clean, Reliable Solutions to Power Michigan’s Future” (DTE Energy, 2019), https://perma. cc/Y3K7-CZKZ. Consumers Energy has committed to a 90% CO2 reduction in “2019 Clean Energy Plan” (Consumers Energy, 2019), https://perma.cc/K6VS-BDNG.
70 “Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis-Version 13.0” (Lazard, Nov. 2019), https://www.lazard.com/media/451086/ lazards-levelized-cost-of-energy-version-130-vf.pdf.
71 “How Do Wind Turbines Survive Severe Storms?” (U.S. Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Jun. 20, 2017), https://perma.cc/SLK3-F39R.
72 “Michigan Capacity Resource Assessment” (Michigan Public Service Commission, Jan. 31, 2017), https://perma.cc/SRB6-UXMZ.
73 Bryce McElhaney, “The Lesser Prairie-Chicken: Gone With the Wind?,” The Revelator (Center for Biological Diversity, Nov. 6, 2017), https://perma.cc/LK62-SFW7; “License to Kill: Wind and Solar Decimate Birds and Bats” (Institute for Energy Research, 2015), https://perma.cc/96ED-SJ88.
74 K. Shawn Smallwood, “Comparing Bird and Bat Fatality-Rate Estimates among North American Wind-Energy Projects,” Wildlife Society Bulletin 37, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 19–33, https://perma.cc/A8RW-X5Z5.
75 “Wind Facts at a Glance” (American Wind Energy Association, 2019), https://perma.cc/YC2U-T9EJ.
76 Michael Hutchins, “Wind Energy and Birds FAQ — Part 1: Understanding the Threats” (American Bird Conservancy, April 8, 2017), https://perma.cc/9PGT-QJHJ.
77 A.M. Calvert et al., “A Synthesis of Human-related Avian Mortality in Canada” (Avian Conservation & Ecology, 2013 8(2): 11), https://perma.cc/3NF9-MNPV.
78 “Wind Turbines” (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 2018), https://www.fws.gov/birds/bird-enthusiasts/threats-to-birds/collisions/wind-turbines.php.
79 Paul Denholm et al., “Land Use Requirements of Modern Wind Power Plants in the United States” (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Aug. 2009), https://perma.cc/6T89-P4SN.
80 Landon Stevens, “The Footprint of Energy: Land Use of U.S. Electricity Production” (Strata, June 2017), https://perma.cc /5PUV-ZVNP.
81 “Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis-Version 13.0” (Lazard, Nov. 2019), https://www.lazard.com/media/451086/ lazards-levelized-cost-of-energy-version-130-vf.pdf.
82 Landon Stevens, “The Footprint of Energy: Land Use of U.S. Electricity Production” (Strata, June 2017), https://perma.cc/ 5PUV-ZVNP.
83 “Public Act 342 of 2016” (State of Michigan, Dec. 21, 2016), https://perma.cc/3BSQ-WZNF.
84 Wasim Javed, Bing Guo and Benjamin Figgis, “Modeling of Photovoltaic Soiling Loss as a Function of Environmental Variables,” Solar Energy 157, no. May (2017): 397–407, https://perma.cc/FW3C-R4R7; Mohammad Reza Maghami et al., “Power Loss Due to Soiling on Solar Panel: A Review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (2016): 1307–1316.
85 EIA numbers indicate that, nationally, solar generation had a 26 percent capacity factor in 2018. “Electric Power Monthly with Data for February 2019” (U.S. Energy Information Administration, April 2019), https://perma.cc/K3HF-XEFP. For its Michigan Capacity Resource Assessment modeling report, the MPSC estimated that solar energy had a capacity factor as low as 13 percent for the state. “Michigan Capacity Resource Assessment” (Michigan Public Service Commission, Jan. 31, 2017), https://perma.cc/SRB6-UXMZ.
86 Megan E. Hansen, Randy T. Simmons and Ryan M. Yonk, “The Unseen Costs of Solar-Generated Electricity” (The Institute of Political Economy at Utah State University, April 2016), https://perma.cc/M9TC-GCN8.
87 Michael Shellenberger, “If Solar Panels Are So Clean, Why Do They Produce So Much Toxic Waste?,” Forbes, May 23, 2018; Stephen Chen, “China’s Ageing Solar Panels Are Going to Be a Big Environmental Problem,” South China Morning Post, July 30, 2017, https://perma.cc/C4XQ-T2SA; OSAMU TOMIOKA, “Japan Tries to Chip Away at Mountain of Disused Solar Panels,” Nikkei Asian Review, Nov. 8, 2016, https://perma.cc/WZX5-G2KG; Dustin Mulvaney, “Solar Energy Isn’t Always as Green as You Think” (IEEE Spectrum, Nov. 13, 2014), https://perma.cc/N24B-SEL8.
88 Jemin Desai and Mark Nelson, “Are We Headed for a Solar Waste Crisis?” (Environmental Progress, Jun. 21, 2017), https://perma.cc/KQ4F-X6CU.
89 Christer Nilsson and Kajsa Berggren, “Alterations of Riparian Ecosystems Caused by River Regulation,” BioScience 50, no. 9 (2000): 783–792, https://perma.cc/8WFL-53BT.
90 Bobby Magill, “Methane Emissions May Swell from behind Dams,” Scientific American, Oct. 29, 2014, https://perma.cc/ 3Q9T-NVKB.
91 “Michigan: State Profile and Energy Estimates” (U.S. Energy Information Administration, May 16, 2019), https://perma.cc/ 2BH6-27SV.
92 “Michigan: State Electricity Profiles,” (U.S. Energy Information Administration, January 8, 2019), https://perma.cc/3WRH-96BF.
93 “Rankings: Total Energy Production, 2017” (U.S. Energy Information Administration), https://perma.cc/H42K-RDR8.
94 “Electric Utilities in Michigan” (Michigan Public Service Commission, 2019), https://perma.cc/MNE6-7BQS.
95 “About the MPSC” (Michigan Public Service Commission, 2019), https://perma.cc/5HD2-JMXB.
96 “U.S. Investor-Owned Electric Companies” (Edison Electric Institute), https://perma.cc/Z3L7-EV2C.
97 “Public Act 286 of 2008” (State of Michigan, Oct. 6, 2008), https://perma.cc/H7YU-JN8W.
98 “DTE History” (DTE Energy, 2019), https://perma.cc/T2QX-ZQGV.
99 “DTE History” (DTE Energy, 2019), https://perma.cc/T2QX-ZQGV; “About DTE” (DTE Energy, 2019), https://perma.cc/76N7-MP7F.
100 “Order No. 888” (United States of America Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 1996), https://perma.cc/3AAZ-AFV9; “Energy Policy Act of 1992” (United States Congress, May 16, 2005), https://perma.cc/2CV7-47LM; “H . R . 776 - Energy Policy Act of 1992” (Congress.gov, 1992), https://perma.cc/TG3X-88LV; “Power Grid History,” 2019, https://perma.cc/D75Z-376M.
101 “Order No. 888” (United States Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Jun. 28, 2010), https://perma.cc/7P66-25PL.
102 Amy Lane, “DTE Asks for Approval to Spin off Detroit Edison Transmission System,” Crain’s Detroit Business, June 26, 200AD, https://perma.cc/H4KQ-ANLS; “DTE Sells Transmission Unit” (ITC Holdings Corp., March 3, 2003).
103 “ITC Michigan” (ITC Holdings Corp., 2019), https://perma. cc/8X9J-SJCA.
104 “About DTE” (DTE Energy, 2019), https://perma.cc/76N7-MP7F.
105 “Corporate Overview” (Consumers Energy, 2019), https://perma.cc/6BVV-RE67.
106 “Alpena Power Company: Quick Facts” (Alpena Power Company, 2017), https://perma.cc/L6KZ-9MA5; “Making the Connection with Northeast Michigan” (Alpena Power Company, 2018), https://perma.cc/D5KN-CQUE.
107 “Fact Sheet” (Indiana Michigan Power, 2018), https://perma. cc/6W45-2C4S.
108 “Company Overview of Northern States Power Company” (Bloomberg L.P., 2019), https://perma.cc/QDQ7-BDNR.
109 Sally A. Talberg, Daniel C. Scripps, and Tremaine L. Phillips, “Status of Electric Competition in Michigan: Report for Calendar Year 2019” (Michigan Public Service Commission, Feb. 1, 2020), https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mpsc_old/Status_of_Electric_Competition_Report_2019_679914_7.pdf
110 “About” (Upper Michigan Energy Resources), https://perma.cc/BG2V-P92A; “Generation Facilities” (Wisconsin Public Service), https://perma.cc/4A3B-B7W7.
111 “UPPCO Facts” (Upper Peninsula Power Company), https://perma.cc/8JY5-2XG4.
112 “About Us” (Wisconsin Public Service), https://perma.cc /QP3J-CK47.
113 Sally A. Talberg, Daniel C. Scripps, and Tremaine L. Phillips, “Status of Electric Competition in Michigan: Report for Calendar Year 2019” (Michigan Public Service Commission, Feb. 1, 2020), https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mpsc_old/Status_of_Electric_Competition_Report_2019_679914_7.pdf
114 “About MMEA” (Michigan Municipal Electric Association, 2015), https://perma.cc/J5Z4-PTBV.
115 “About MMEA” (Michigan Municipal Electric Association, 2015), https://perma.cc/J5Z4-PTBV.
116 “Electricity” (Michigan Public Service Commission, 2019), https://perma.cc/TYM4-S9J3.
117 “Electric” (Bay City, MI, 2019), https://perma.cc/36PT-2HDR.
118 “BCELP Local Generation” (Bay City Electric Light & Power), https://perma.cc/P3JJ-U4VF.
119 “GHBLP Power Supply Plan” (Grand Haven Board of Light & Power, 2019), https://perma.cc/6PYV-B7FS; Renee Molyneux, administrative services managers at City of Grand Haven, email correspondence with author, October 2017.
120 Sydney Smith, “No Plans yet for James DeYoung Plant after New Power Plant Project,” Holland Sentinel, April 15, 2017, https://perma.cc/6URX-7VZ8; “Electric” (Holland Board of Public Works, 2017), https://perma.cc/Y927-A5Z8; “HBPW Electric Generation and Facilities” (Holland Board of Public Works, 2017), https://perma.cc/W5D4-ETSM.
121 “Facilities” (Lansing Board of Water and Light, 2014), https://perma.cc/NA6Y-9TMG; “Fast Facts 2016” (Lansing Board of Water and Light, 2016), https://perma.cc/58Z6-9JEB; Amy Adamy, communications coordinator at Lansing Board of Water and Light, email correspondence with author, October 2017.
122 “Over 128 Years of Service to Marquette” (Marquette BLP, 2017), https://perma.cc/K4BJ-H6RJ.
123 “Electric Generation Sources” (Traverse City Light & Power, 2019), https://perma.cc/3VTS-RHTC; “2016-2017 Annual Report” (Traverse City Light & Power, 2017), https://perma.cc/KB54-XFSR.
124 “Our History” (Wyandotte Municipal Services, 2019), https://perma.cc/F5DL-473A. “Electric Department: Clinton Power Supply” (Village of Clinton, 2019), https://perma.cc /R5ND-EZWE.
125 Joe Carrasco et al., “Electric Generation: S.B. 213 & S.B. 1048, & H.B. 5524: Summary as Enacted” (Michigan Senate Fiscal Agency, Jan. 7, 2009), https://perma.cc/V9DC-X2QN.
126 “Electric Customer Choice Frequently Asked Questions for Customers” (Michigan Public Service Commission, 2019), https://perma.cc/8NZ9-KQDX.
127 Sally A. Talberg, Norman J. Saari and Rachael A. Eubanks, “Status of Electric Competition in Michigan: Report for Calendar Year 2017” (Michigan Public Service Commission, Feb. 1, 2018), https://perma.cc/NZ3V-N4QG. “Alternative Electric Suppliers” (Michigan Public Service Commission, 2019), https://perma.cc/VR68-72P9. “Case No. U-16912” (Michigan Public Service Commission, April 6, 2012), https://perma.cc/XMX7-49S2. “Case No. U-17076” (Michigan Public Service Commission, Dec. 6, 2012), https://perma.cc/PER3-7UWE. “Case No. U-14594” (Michigan Public Service Commission, Oct. 25, 2007), https://perma.cc/SS43-7MLB. Jan Tucker, “White Pine Power Plant, Refinery Sold,” The Daily Globe, Aug. 26, 2014, https://perma.cc/9AEL-UQ28. “Case No. U-12723” (Michigan Public Service Commission, Nov. 20, 2000), https://perma.cc/3FVM-ADDL.
128 “Where We Came From” (Wolverine Power Supply Cooperative), https://perma.cc/D25M-SFWZ.
129 “History: The Story behind America’s Electric Cooperatives and NRECA” (National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, 2019), https://perma.cc/Q62M-MKW9.
130 “Michigan’s Electric Cooperatives” (Michigan Electric Cooperative Association), https://perma.cc/5WPQ-ADWH.
131 Edvard Csanyi, “General Principles of Electricity Supply Systems” (Electrical Engineering Portal, Nov. 25, 2013), https://perma.cc/6JYD-ZU7A.
132 Jordan Wirfs-Brock, “Lost In Transmission: How Much Electricity Disappears Between A Power Plant And Your Plug?” (Inside Energy, Nov. 6, 2015), https://perma.cc/3VKX-RAPF.
133 “United States Electricity Industry Primer” (United States Department of Energy, Jul. 2015), https://perma.cc/NXA5-UJ6S.
134 “United States Electricity Industry Primer” (United States Department of Energy, Jul. 2015), https://perma.cc/NXA5-UJ6S.
135 “How Electricity Is Delivered to Consumers” (United States Energy Information Administration, Aug. 31, 2018), https://perma.cc/2AWS-GZBH.
136 “Learn More About Interconnections” (United States Department of Energy, 2019), https://perma.cc/WU6Y-7RAB.
137 “Order No. 888” (United States of America Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 1996), https://perma.cc/3AAZ-AFV9.
138 “What FERC Does” (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Aug. 14, 2018), https://perma.cc/PC6Y-PDLJ.
139 “About FERC” (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, April 11, 2019), https://perma.cc/LWS2-ZXJE.
140 “Regional Transmission Organization (North America)” (Wikipedia, April 6, 2019), https://perma.cc/PC69-B9FB.
141 “Joint and Common Market” (Joint and Common, 2019), https://www.miso-pjm.com.
142 “ITC Michigan” (ITC Holdings Corp., 2019), https://perma. cc/8X9J-SJCA.
143 “Our Customers” (International Transmission Company, 2019), https://perma.cc/5V8Z-H64A.
144 “ITC Michigan” (ITC Holdings Corp., 2019), https://perma. cc/8X9J-SJCA.
145 “METC Becomes Fully Independent Transmission Company” (International Transmission Company, May 1, 2007), https://perma.cc/4R9P-4FY7.
146 “ITC Michigan” (ITC Holdings Corp., 2019), https://perma. cc/8X9J-SJCA.
147 “10-Year Transmission System Assessment” (American Transmission Company, 2016), https://perma.cc/Z77S-JLN5.
148 “Electric Transmission Companies” (Michigan Public Service Commission, 2019), https://perma.cc/S3TX-D2TU; “Paying For Transmission” (International Transmission Company, 2019), https://perma.cc/38QM-M3TP.
149 “Explanation of Unbundled Electricity Charges” (Consumers Energy, May 2019), https://perma.cc/7G3X-J6QK; “Understanding Your DTE Energy Bill” (DTE Energy), https://perma.cc/Y7KC-EYE6.
150 “Advanced Metering Infrastructure” (Electric Power Research Institute, Feb. 2007), https://perma.cc/MY38-JQT4.
151 “Residential Energy Bill Charges” (The State of Michigan), https://perma.cc/D7XJ-DFUN.
152 “Residential Energy Bill Charges” (The State of Michigan), https://perma.cc/D7XJ-DFUN.
153 “Act 3 of 1939” (Michigan Legislature, 2017), https://perma. cc/3RU7-U6JA.
154 Martin Rosenberg, “Smart Meter Ramp Up” (Energy Times, Dec. 7, 2017), https://perma.cc/9AYV-HQ38.
155 “Pricing Options” (DTE Energy), https://perma.cc/9GT4-DT7W.
156 “Explanation of Unbundled Electricity Charges Residential Customers” (Consumers Energy, 2020), https://perma.cc/B3ZF-EJ75.
157 “Clean and Renewable Energy and Energy Waste Reduction Act” (Michigan Legislature, 2017), https://perma.cc/NRL2-U3EA.
158 “Residential Energy Bill Charges” (The State of Michigan, Mar. 2010).
159 “Michigan Energy Assistance Program” (Michigan Public Service Commission, 2019), https://perma.cc/Z4F3-NGPH.
160 “Enrolled Senate Bill No. 284” (The State of Michigan, 2013), https://perma.cc/D4B6-FN8Z.
161 “Michigan Energy Assistance Program (MEAP)” (Michigan Public Service Commission, 2019), https://perma.cc/Z4F3-NGPH; “Michigan Energy Assistance Program” (The State of Michigan, 2015), https://perma.cc/7TPP-X49Y.
162 “MPSC Adopts Funding Factor for the Low Income Energy Assistance Fund” (Michigan Public Service Commission, Jul. 29, 2013), https://perma.cc/625B-TLHK.
163 “MPSC Authorizes DTE Electric Company to Increase Bond Principal and Interest Securitization Surcharge, Decrease Bond Tax Surcharge” (Michigan Public Service Commission, Feb. 20, 2014), https://perma.cc/VW7F-2Z29.
164 “MPSC Approves Financing Order for Consumers Energy Company to Issue $ 389.6 Million in Securitization Bonds , Resulting in Savings to Electric Customers” (Michigan Public Service Commission, Dec. 6, 2013), https://perma.cc/K4XX-8FNA.
165 “Residential Energy Bill Charges” (The State of Michigan, Mar. 2010).
166 “Regulatory Asset” (Investor Words, 2019), https://perma. cc/N93V-YTBX.
167 “Residential Energy Bill Charges” (The State of Michigan, Mar. 2010).
168 “Electricity Restructuring in Michigan: The Effects to Date of Public Act 141 and Potential Future Challenges” (Public Sector Consultants Inc., 2006), https://perma.cc/R2PZ-AVMN.
169 “Electricity Restructuring in Michigan: The Effects to Date of Public Act 141 and Potential Future Challenges” (Public Sector Consultants Inc., 2006), https://perma.cc/R2PZ-AVMN.
170 Diane S. Katz and Dr. Theodore Bolema, “Michigan’s Electricity Market” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, May 16, 2008), https://perma.cc/HL52-5HD5.
171 “Order No. 888” (United States Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Jun. 28, 2010), https://perma.cc/7P66-25PL.
172 “A Policy Guide to Energy Choice in Michigan” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Jan. 7, 2019), https://perma.cc/MS8W-FMUS.
173 Enrolled Senate Bill No. 937” (The State of Michigan, June 5, 2000), https://perma.cc/7Q6N-DFQ6.
174 “A Policy Guide to Energy Choice in Michigan” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Jan. 2019).
175 Sally A. Talberg, Daniel C. Scripps, and Tremaine L. Phillips, “Status of Electric Competition in Michigan: Report for Calendar Year 2019” (Michigan Public Service Commission, Feb. 1, 2020), https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mpsc_old/Status_of_Electric_Competition_Report_2019_679914_7.pdf.
176 Sally A. Talberg, Daniel C. Scripps, and Tremaine L. Phillips, “Status of Electric Competition in Michigan: Report for Calendar Year 2019” (Michigan Public Service Commission, Feb. 1, 2020), https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mpsc_old/Status_of_Electric_Competition_Report_2019_679914_7.pdf. “2015 Senate Bill 437: Adopt Statewide Power Grid Planning” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, 2019), https://perma.cc/ J64Q-RMS9.
177 “MPSC Issue Brief: State Reliability Mechanism” (Michigan Public Service Commission, Nov. 21, 2017), https://perma. cc/RSM6-8E2H.
178 “Enrolled Senate Bill No. 437” (Michigan Legislature, Dec. 2016), https://perma.cc/G5WB-S9QQ.
179 “Enrolled Senate Bill No. 437” (Michigan Legislature, April 20, 2017), https://perma.cc/D7DH-FCR8. 180 “MPSC Issue Brief: Forward Locational Requirement” (Michigan Public Service Commission, June 28, 2018), https://perma.cc/RSM6-8E2H.