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Survey 2008: School Service Privatization Grows Again

… that the district attempted to obtain sufficient concessions to keep the work in house, but was rebuffed each time, leaving the district no choice but … Peninsula district of White Pine because, as in 2006, it has no students. Done right, school support service privatization can save money and improve services …

Homestead Act of 1862: America's Grandest Privatization Act

… Homestead Act encouraged the American dream of personal responsibility and right to property independent of government for over 100 years. Ever since the … like the Ingalls family and countless others passed their stories of hard work and morals of family courage onto many generations of Americans, until the …

The Dangers of Painting — State Law Requires Training, Exam, Fees For the Right to Earn a Living

'Irrational' licensing requirements force painters, floor sanders, glaziers to give time and money

… Lisa Knepper, director of strategic research at the Institute for Justice, worked on the firm’s recent report on licensing in all 50 states. She says that … unlikely that this licensing has made Michigan a less dangerous place to work and live. “We are not aware of any epidemic of harm from residential painters …

Legislative Testimony

… Center experts regularly testify in public before legislative bodies. On the right are written versions of recent legislative testimony given by Mackinac Center … realize their potential and dreams. Please consider contributing to our work to advance a freer and more prosperous state.

April 10, 2015, MichiganVotes Weekly Roll Call

Hospital “prices,” cigarette taxes, unions, monopolies and more

… have elected not to pay union dues or fees, as permitted under the state’s right to work law. Referred to committee, no further action at this time. House Bill …

Let's Have Full Disclosure of Union Finances

… agenda.  Unions certainly have the right to participate in the political process, but with that right comes a responsibility: The Court … states, including Michigan, that lack a right-to-work law often involves at least a mandatory …

2019 Detroit Children’s Business Fair

… annual fair was held at TechTown Detroit, located right in the heart of downtown Detroit. Children’s business … come together, and this year we were pleased to work with America’s Future Foundation. And the Detroit … Fair would not have been possible without the hard work of Acton Academy, which created and distributed …

Winning Opinion Civil Asset Forfeiture: Mackinac Center’s Work Pays Off in Reform

… government office. But in a state that had among the worst-rated forfeiture laws in the country, the new reforms represent a significant move in the right direction.

The Civil Rights Issue of the ’90s

… graduate only one of every four students who enter the ninth grade. In the years since delivering the Brotherhood Week speech I have been privileged to work in Congress for the late Senator Hubert Humphrey and in the White House for former President George Bush. However, it was only in the past five years, …

From Hospitals to Tsunami Relief: Lessons of Charles Hackley

… 15 first to build roads and then to work in the newly developing lumber industry … formed voluntary organizations to work, finance and solve those problems themselves … contention that the people will do what is right." Sure enough, generous Americans … the way civil society is meant to work. In fact, failed U. S. foreign aid …

When Privatization Comes to Town: What's New in Hamtramck?

… on how privatization done right can be a powerful budget management … employees were providing too little work. Without the right incentives, city employees … from subcontracting out any work, including fire hydrant repair … for privatization of all DPW work and also allowed all current …

MEGA Problems: A New Industrial Policy Bureaucracy

… Michigan Jobs Commission to handle the administrative work involved in promulgating MEGA guidelines and rules, … fiscal management, Michigan is heading in the right direction. The 1988 Engler report properly noted, … the other hand, are more intrinsic and tend to work." That's an important lesson that administration …

Charter students growing up

Parents want high school options

… parents know when they apply that the high school emphasizes college prepatory work, Angerer said. "We can’t offer the breadth of programming other high schools … the new policy was made known, according to Sult. "We really believe the right thing to do is let everybody go," she said. "If you want to have a good …

An economic stimulus for the mind

Northwood, Cornerstone team up on free enterprise education

… works, how the market works." The institutions worked together to develop the curriculum and select … said. An entrepreneurial operation in its own right, Cornerstone Schools enrolls 1,100 students at … the state of the economy and plans to fix it do work their way into class discussions. "As tough as …

The Captured Economy: How Government Rules Slow Economic Mobility

Mackinac Center Policy Forum – Virtual Event

… left and populists on the right increasingly blame the free … government regulations that work to raise prices and reduce … protecting the well-off and that work to restrict economic mobility … Public Policy where he has worked for the past 25 years. He … to 1982. In addition to his work at the Mackinac Center, LaFaive …

Kermit the Frog Meets the Underpants Gnomes: Ron Gettelfinger's Pitch for Green Auto Jobs

Easy greenery and magical economic thinking add up to expensive trouble

… about to be created, and we can have them all right here if Republicans and Democrats do…something. … backs up his prediction. How exactly this will work is not entirely clear, but reading between the … simple. The environmental movement is at its zenith right now. Its influence over politics and taste may …

Putting Families First

… anniversary banquet for Faith First. Because of Wilson’s significant positive impact both in her community and in the lives of families elsewhere, her work ought to be recognized and encouraged, especially in Michigan’s troubled cities. Wilson founded Faith First in 2002 with the primary mission of aiding …

Arthur Brooks and Overcriminalization

… country. As an academic, his prominent research area was about happiness. His lecture “A Formula for Happiness” discussed the intersection between work, happiness, and human flourishing. Brooks noted that the percentage of Americans who are unsatisfied with their lives has been increasing in recent …

New high school graduation requirements in action

Michigan schools hope for the best, prepare for the worst

… seniors. State officials say that students need more rigorous high school work in order to succeed in postsecondary education, leading to higher earning … ninth-grader Candace Renshaw sees it, too, she said as she and friend Kristen Ott worked on algebra homework. "It’s easy to learn, but it’s a lot. We have to learn …

Environmental Regulation in Michigan: A Blueprint for Reform

… regulatory functions to identify opportunities for privatization wherever feasible. For example, state environmental laboratories could be closed and their work competitively contracted to competent private firms.[6] In addition, some states create a list of private firms approved to prepare and review environmental …

Alabama Betrayal: Congressman Provides Tea Party Lessons

… narrowly became a congressman through the hard work, votes and financial contributions of thousands … Parker Griffith isn't that he recently "joined the right side" regarding health care, global warming, stimulus … this is that neither political party provides a "right side" or even a "wrong side" on any issue. They …

What Indianapolis Can Teach Michigan

… road maintenance, garbage collection, welfare-to-work assistance, and the city's recycling program. "Everything … Michigan," says Goldsmith. "Competing out has worked all around the world and has a definite application … services will see immediate improvement if it does it right. While Michigan is a state known for its professionally …

MICHIGAN EDUCATION DIGEST January 21, 2003

… funding * Editorial: President Bush right to oppose affirmative action * Commentary: … $56. "I think the governor did the right thing by going after the sacred cow … ---------------------------------------------------------------- EDITORIAL: PRESIDENT BUSH RIGHT TO OPPOSE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION ---------------------------------------------------------------- … good idea and in most cases it has worked," James Pavelka, superintendent of …

Detroit Cristo Rey: A new option in Catholic education

… chance to start a school, right from the beginning? I’m really … preparatory curriculum with a work-study program that essentially … school costs. In Detroit, the work-study program will bring down … Cristo Rey. The school will work to help parents who can’t afford … working world, helps them develop work ethics, assists them in making …

The Children Are More Important than the System

… Allowing choice permits parents and schools to work this out; the status quo effectively denies them … problems with freeing the slaves. Will they make the right choices if they re free? Some may even have wondered … you put your thinking caps on and help us make it work?

Madness in Mad-Town

Brace yourselves — unionized fanaticism is liable to spread here

… government, at least, collective bargaining is not a right. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that while public … obligated to bargain with them — unions can do their work with voluntary contributions from their supporters, … with fanatics. Is bargaining with them likely to work any better?

Our Accomplishments

Wins for Freedom Passing right-to-work is the Mackinac Center’s crowning … lives. As the result of our work with LeDuff, we learned that … forfeiture laws since 1996 and worked with a bipartisan coalition … every government worker a “right-to-work” environment, fulfilling …

Ford Did Indeed Have A Better Idea

… best workers to his plants in Michigan. It was clear to Ford that hard work and entrepreneurial risk-taking were the sources of America’s great wealth. … the free enterprise system — a system that allowed his talents to blossom right here in Michigan and benefit untold millions of people the world over. …

Incentives and Trash Collection

… efficient way to manage waste. How do PAYT/VR Programs Work? PAYT/VR programs can be categorized into five … below, and are chosen to show that the programs work in both urban and rural environments. Such programs … conditions, priorities and options change. The right economic incentives offer a powerful tool for reducing …

Private Food Service: School Districts Eat Up Savings

… Chartwells' success, says Leikert. "If we don't put districts into a more favorable position, we won't be in business," he adds. Privatization, when done right, has been shown to improve quality and save valuable resources that can be used to further a school's true missioneducating children. By contracting …

What It Doesn’t Take To Grow Michigan

… personal income or economic output is in a state right now. He ignores trends. But you can't just wear … he or she may want to look at which states have Right-to-Work laws or lower tax burdens.

Urgent Care

… Genesys is a great place to work, it would be even better if … supervisors are RNs and have worked in direct patient care themselves … claiming they are doing the work of bargaining unit nurses. … against the hospital where I work (see image). Labor unions … frequently in Michigan if we had a right-to-work law. Both employers …

Finding algebra in fashion design

Career centers tackle new graduation requirements

… I is any predictor, she is right. The statewide failure rate … Ron Wilson said, given the right environment, instructional … have to complete additional work inside or outside of class … students looking for blue-collar work. In contrast, today’s CTE … Jonatzke said, who previously worked as an engineer in the automotive …

Voter Scorecard Designed to 'Make Lansing Listen'

… principles that Michigan needs to get back on the right track." CSG assigns a percentage score to each … amendment allowing local governments to create "right-to-work zones." A bill to revise corporate acquisition …

Seven Principles of Sound Environmental Policy: How can markets help protect our natural environment?

Mackinac Center Policy Forum — Virtual Event

… in their new publication can start legislators and regulators off on the right path by ensuring private property rights are protected and the productive … three decades studying and working in environmental and energy policy. He worked as a backcountry ranger in British Columbia’s provincial parks, as a forester …

Teachers: You Don't Have to Pay for Union Political Spending

… Public School Teacher: You work hard, pay your dues, and conscientiously … school teacher, you have the right to  Join or not join your … Nonunion teachers have the right to challenge the union's fee … Religious objectors may have the right to redirect their entire union … guarantee your constitutional right to have your objections honored …

How to Fix Michigan? Cut Cost of Living, Working and Investing Here

… tell them what we're doing right. Give them the good news." … that have all three. Pass Right-to-Work legislation. There may be no … Counties in states that have right-to-work laws and border counties in …

Why State Licensing Laws are a Big Deal and How to Reform Them

… imposes on people wishing to work in certain occupations. It … related to the area they want to work in. Right now, the state denies licenses … Kalamazoo should also be allowed to work in Grand Rapids. And there … requires. Far from it. Most people work in jobs that do not require …

Anti-eviction advocacy group in Detroit due to get $20M from taxpayers

State budget provides $2.5M; the rest comes from federal budget

The Detroit Right To Counsel Coalition is getting $2.5 million … process. “Housing is a human right,” the organization’s website … public funds to defend that right. “We fight for the right to free legal representation … President Mary Sheffield for their work to secure the funding.” The …

Report on Barbershops Finds Regulations Clip Freedom of Consumers

… Great Lake State. Nevertheless, our work requires studying policies in other … government’s permission before they can work legally — are coming under more intense scrutiny. Reformers from both the left and right are raising concerns about the negative … laws have on people trying to find work in licensed jobs and on the prices …

Michigan Capitol Confidential Vote History

… on whether TO RESTRICT THE RIGHT of shareholders to sell their own stock.    April 2010 "Right to Work" - Lawmakers voting on an amendment SUPPORTING RIGHT-TO-WORK zones. "Dept. of State Cost-Saving" …

Beyond Basics

Reading, writing and ‘expanding horizons’ in Detroit

… inspection. When no one responds right away, he repeats in a louder … and half a dozen more are at work on original stories about running … in the knowledge that their work soon will return to them in … achievement. "It's rare to be able to work with an organization that can … Expanding Horizons," she said. Right now, the level of programming …

MICHIGAN EDUCATION DIGEST July 2, 2002

… Detroit principals protest 12-month work year * Lansing school district fails … public schools nationwide will have the right to transfer to better public schools … DETROIT PRINCIPALS PROTEST 12-MONTH WORK YEAR ---------------------------------------------------------------- … district Monday, which require them to work 12 months instead of 11 and eliminate …

Michigan Capitol Confidential Election 2014 Coverage

… about keeping Michigan on the right track,” Sen. Mike Kowall said. … abortion. And Michigan became the 24th right-to-work state in the face of tremendous … been repealed in 2012, when right-to-work was passed. I proudly voted …

Sun May Finally Shine on State Pols' Staff Salary Secrets

All five GOP gov candidates support bill to remove special FOIA exemption for Legislature and governor's office

… politicians running local governments tell taxpayers who has been hired to work for them and how much those persons are being paid. Former Detroit Mayor … than 10 million pairs of eyes making sure [politicians] are doing what is right and not wasting their money." ~~~~~ In an interview with the Gongwer News …

Why doesn’t Michigan measure up?

State performs poorly on more than one state index

… of these sources in my own work. But one of the best sources … repealing Michigan’s 10-year-old right-to-work law. This was a true economic … employment in counties with right-to-work protections and found significant …

West Michigan security guards push back against forced union dues

Workers pursue deauthorization vote

… the effort by the National Right to Work Foundation.  As the foundation … majority of employees in a work unit can cast ballots to nullify … vote. The security guards work for a company called Triple … Since Michigan’s repeal of right-to-work took effect last month, …

UAW membership drops significantly in Michigan

Membership is the lowest in more than a decade

… Americans are interested in joining one. Right-to-work laws, which are the main detriment … popular. Michigan, however, repealed its right-to-work law this year.

An Update from Tony Daunt, Senior Director of Workers for Opportunity

… in the policy battles surrounding right-to-work, electric choice, and pension reform, … state in the nation to make workers’ right to a secret ballot vote on unionization … stakeholders. We truly appreciated their work. Now it’s time to bring our campaign …

Dearborn schools responds to CapCon story on contract language

U.S. Supreme Court has ruled union fees requirements for public employees unconstitutional

… public sector employees have a constitutional right not to pay union dues or fees.  The contract reads, … developments. “School employees have a constitutional right to work without being forced to pay a union, and their …

Embracing the Legacy Society at the Mackinac Center

… lead the program came around again, I said yes right away. At the Mackinac Center, our work transcends the ordinary. It embodies a dedication … walks of life to connect with the Mackinac Center’s work on a personal level and leave a more prosperous …

‘If you can make them laugh, they’ll remember things’

Shoshana Weissmann on policy advocacy on social media

… being so clearly who I am would work in politics. I want regulations to work better. I love working at the … issues, and she also promotes her work through social media. “I’m … those who do struggle to do it right because it’s a hard thing to … wouldn’t let an elderly widow work to do the things she knew how …

Per-Capita Disposable Income

A common argument against right-to-work is that by weakening unions, right-to-work laws drive down compensation. … 2002, Wilson observed that right-to-work opponents "have often …

Dearborn school contract appears to ignore Supreme Court ruling

Contract implies teachers must pay union dues or fees

… control, revoked Michigan’s right-to-work law in 2023, with the changes taking effect Feb. 13, 2024. Right-to-work’s repeal does not affect government … they have a First Amendment right not to join a union. But private …

Michigan needs a sustainable budget to unleash prosperity

Beware of creating permanent programs with temporary spikes in revenue

… putting government finances on a sustainable path. Right now, they’re not. While the current state budget … dynamic and resilient economy by removing barriers to work, including reducing regulations and taxes. Doing … economics, steer clear of short-sighted policies, work toward a budget that recognizes government can’t …

State grant requires taxpayers to subsidize $236,000 per housing unit 

Taxpayers will pay more per unit than the average cost of a whole house in Michigan

… $236,000 each. That’s more than the average value of a house in Michigan right now, which Zillow pegs at $232,500. In other words, taxpayers will dish … through more subsidies, state lawmakers and administration officials need to work harder on encouraging supply. Only a freer housing market will build enough …

Quality of life

… of the debate surrounding right-to-work laws has focused on their impact … however, to the benefits of right-to-work laws that are either unrelated … have consistently shown that right-to-work is associated with …

Michigan must untether itself from UAW

The state is hand-in-glove with a union that has a wandering eye

… Michigan to the UAW by repealing right-to-work protections for the private … wandering eyes. No sooner than right-to-work repeal took effect did the … members. Michigan’s repeal of right-to-work places workers in the …

Naked favoritism is becoming Michigan’s economic strategy

A highway’s history of the state economy

… positioned itself to be in the right place at the right time. During World War I, the … say there isn’t a lot of hard work, entrepreneurship, business … controlling who is legally allowed to work in certain industries. Further down US-10, right next to Fabiano Brothers, is …

Letter from the President

… Lake State into a people magnet. Things won’t turn around without serious work. These pages tell how the Mackinac Center is winning small battles, making … regain the initiative. Our most important fight centers on your precious right to keep your own property. Thanks to a 2015 law, state taxpayers received …

Executive Summary

… 2002 study, "The Effect of Right to Work Laws on Economic Development." … that report, Wilson compared right-to-work and non-right-to-work states on basic measurements …

Summary Results

… that counties in states with right-to-work laws had higher employment … counties. That is, counties in non-right-to-work states that bordered right-to-work … comparison, border counties in non-right-work states had just 0.8% higher …

Results

… that counties in states with right-to-work legislation observe higher … it would have been without right-to-work laws. The most interesting … in their policies regarding right-to-work. In most union-dense …

Construction Employment

… nearly half again as fast in right-to-work states. This trend was particularly … jobs reached 4.4 percent in right-to-work states versus 2.5 percent in non-right-to-work states.[12] Since …

Conclusion

Right-to-work laws change the incentive structure for unions. Because a union in a right-to-work state must persuade individual … As a consequence, unions in right-to-work states are less of …

Endnotes

… LaFaive, “Economic Growth and Right to Work Laws” (Mackinac Center for … https://perma.cc/4BPC-TXDD. 2 Michael LaFaive, “Right-to-Work, Tax Rates Paint Interesting Picture Right-to-Work, Tax Rates Paint Interesting …

Poverty Rates

… study, Bill Wilson found that right-to-work states had historically been … 6.7 percent on average in right-to-work states, compared with a reduction of 2.0 percent in non-right-to-work states.[28] During …

Payroll deduction of union dues

… government workers had the right to opt out of paying the portion … even negotiating over wages or work hours is political in nature … activity. This essentially brought right-to-work protections to all government … after the repeal of Michigan’s right-to-work law.[*] The 2023 changes …

Summary and Conclusion

… study examines the impact of right-to-work laws on three measures of state-level … isolate the specific effect right-to-work laws had on individual states. … following the Taft-Hartley Act), right-to-work laws had very little …

Conclusion

Right-to-work laws have shown themselves to be useful economic … economic gains from adoption of right-to-work laws. In this study we investigated … industrial sectors. The effects of right-to-work adoption on these employment …

Narrative Statistics

… performance measures between right-to-work states and non-right-to-work states. Doing so helps scholars … economic growth or employment in right-to-work states versus non-right …

Executive Summary*

Michigan’s new right-to-work law has reignited several debates … weigh in on the impact that right-to-work laws have on everything from … aims to measure the impact of right-to-work laws on states’ economic …

Michigan and Indiana Results

… analyzed the impact of adopting right-to-work laws in Michigan and Indiana … positive results from adoption of right-to-work laws in Michigan, although … relatively recent adoption of right-to-work in Great Lake States. …

Employment Growth

… as a surprise, then, that right-to-work states, with their higher rates … of 2.9 percent annually in right-to-work states, versus 2.0 percent in non-right-to-work states and 1.5 percent …

Results

The impact of right-to-work on county-level employment share … respect to the impacts of right-to-work are color coded. Dark green … that counties in states with right-to-work legislation observe …

Introduction

… state of Michigan adopted a right-to-work law in 2012. It became effective in 2013. A right-to-work law prohibits employers — as … one through compulsory dues. Right-to-work’s impact on state economic …

Michigan Results

… states, only Ohio did not have right-to-work legislation passed by 2018, … sample. The direct effect of right-to-work laws on a typical right-to-work county in this sample …

Introduction

… Wilson titled "The Effect of Right-to-Work Laws on Economic Development." … compared states that had enacted right-to-work laws and those that had not … was found that states with right-to-work laws had outperformed …

UAW Opt Out

… 2013, Michigan became the 24th right-to-work state in the nation. With the … almost exactly the same in right-to-work states as non-right-to-work states. Unions still …

Indiana Results

… neither Ohio nor Illinois had right-to-work legislation passed by 2018, … sample. The direct effect of right-to-work in a given county is estimated … spillover effect on other non-right-to-work counties — is estimated …

Conclusion

Right-to-work is often misunderstood, but its benefits are clear. … strong support for the law.[47] Right-to-work offers better economic conditions … join the union. In short, right-to-work creates widespread …

Protest Over Pupils

Teachers take day off, schools closed

… school today because their teachers chose to travel to Lansing to protest right-to-work legislation, Michigan Capitol Confidential reports.

Introduction

… than that commonly known as “right-to-work.”[1] It was passed in December … state with such a law.[*] Right-to-work laws prohibit employers from … the debate in Michigan over right-to-work laws was the dispute …

Findings

… attempts to measure the impact of right-to-work laws on states with such laws … only the effect of passing right-to-work laws in a state, but also the … of adjacent states adopting right-to-work, for example). The …

Executive Summary

… Such provisions are known as "right-to-work" laws, and if Michigan chooses … narrow or nullify the law. The right-to-work language presented here — see … a statute. One value of a right-to-work provision is the message …

Indiana RTW: No Movement, Just Rhetoric

INDIANAPOLIS — Indiana's right-to-work legislation stayed put today … place, as the Democrats pulled a work stoppage for the fifth time … will become the nation's 23rd right-to-work state. Under the legislation …

Executive Summary

… re are now 27 states with “right-to-work” laws. These laws prohibit … Virginia and Kentucky — adopt right-to-work legislation, in that chronological … compared counties in states with right-to-work laws to counties they …

Workers for Opportunity Announces Former Oklahoma Gov. Frank Keating as President of its National Council of Advisors

… anniversary of Michigan’s right-to-work law, we should acknowledge … action to make Michigan a right-to-work state. We first formally called … of likely voters favored a right-to-work law, including 42% …

Missouri: Worker Freedom’s Tipping Point

… to become the nation’s 26th right-to-work state when the General Assembly approved a right-to-work bill. However, the stroke of … and 23 votes, respectively. Right now the country is split down …

Literature Review

… research done on the subject of right-to-work laws and their impacts on everything … the Mackinac Center’s 2013 right-to-work study was published, which … Donald Lacombe’s 2006 paper, “Right to Work Laws and Manufacturing …

Why the UAW Didn't Need to Hike Dues

Detroit News op-ed

Nathan Lehman, who worked as a labor policy intern at the Center this summer, and F. Vincent Vernuccio, … and members could exercise their freedoms under right-to-work because of the union’s political agenda.

Growth in Gross State Product

… 2001 and 2006, the average right-to-work state saw its gross state product … versus 13.6 percent for non-right-to-work states.[3] During that same … West Virginia, another non-right-to-work state, managed GSP …

Unemployment Rates

… unemployment rates in non-right-to-work states. This held true between 1978 and 2000: right-to-work states had an average unemployment … percent versus 6.3 for non-right-to-work states. Michigan, in …

Review of Relevant Case Law

… based on a review of the case law for right-to-work provisions in the 22 states that have … discussion that follows focuses on the right-to-work litigation surrounding Oklahoma’s state …

Center Analysts in Labor Day Media Coverage

… released study on the economic impact right-to-work laws have on states, explaining to … Business and The Detroit News that since right-to-work took effect in Michigan, unions have …

By the Numbers

… Education Association since the passage of right-to-work. Growing enrollment in charter schools … employees who were full union members in right-to-work states.

Introduction

… anniversary of Michigan’s right-to-work law. The law was subject to … signaled an intent to repeal right-to-work, and Democratic lawmakers have … governorship, the debate surrounding right-to-work is more relevant than …

Better unions

Another benefit of right-to-work is the incentive it places … for their members. In a non-right-to-work state, unions can require workers … as nonmembers. Thus, in non-right-to-work states, the group of …

The Overton Window of Political Possibility

The Overton Window // A Case Study

… Rick Snyder’s signature on right-to-work legislation stunned many outside … worker freedom. The Mackinac Center worked with a broad coalition of … choice. 2013: Michigan’s right-to-work law goes into effect. Some …

The Best Way to Empower Workers

… jobs out of Michigan and to right-to-work states is one reason Michigan … coming Labor Day. In 30 years, right-to-work states have gained 1.4 million … 100,000 such jobs. Passing a right-to-work law would be the ultimate …