1 U.S. Const. amend. XIV.
2 Sarah Stillman, “Taken,” The New Yorker, Aug. 12, 2013, http://perma.cc/X7QU-MG9B.
3 Marian R. Williams et al., “Asset Forfeiture Report: Michigan” (Institute for Justice, March 2010), http://perma.cc/RA4F-CRLJ; Michael Greibrok, “Civil Asset Forfeiture: Grading the States” (Freedom Works Foundation, June 8, 2015), http://perma.cc/3NHJ-XMHE.
4 Marian R. Williams et al., “Policing for Profit: The Abuse of Civil Asset Forfeiture” (Institute for Justice, March 2010), 6, http://perma.cc/X378-SQLX.
5 “Reform Civil Forfeiture Laws,” The Detroit News, Jan. 29, 2015, http://perma.cc/7L6M-Y5E4.
6 Donald J. Kochan, “Reforming Property Forfeiture Laws to Protect Citizens’ Rights” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, 1998), 22–26, http://perma.cc/89AV-HEFT.
7 Ibid., 13-16, 26-28.
8 Bennis v. Michigan, 517 U.S. 1163 (1996).
9 “Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure: Rule 41 - Search and Seizure” (Cornell University Law School, Dec. 1, 2014), https://perma.cc/3GBJ-XHYA.
10 “Types of Federal Forfeiture” (The U.S. Department of Justice, March 9, 2015), http://perma.cc/HZ6W-P3TE.
11 “Forfeiture” (Cornell University Law School), http://perma.cc/ N7XT-4TAP.
12 “Types of Federal Forfeiture” (The U.S. Department of Justice, March 9, 2015), http://perma.cc/HZ6W-P3TE.
13 “CRS Annotated Constitution” (Cornell University Law School, 2015), http://perma.cc/6Z6R-CK8W.
14 MCL § 600.4707(6).
15 MCL § 600.4707(2)-(3); MCL § 333.7523(c).
16 MCL § 600.4707(6)a.
17 George Hunter and Doug Guthrie, “Wayne Co. Profits from Police Property Seizures,” The Detroit News, Nov. 13, 2009, http://perma.cc/ 7HRR-9QK8.
18 MCL § 600.3801.
19 MCL § 333.7521(1)f.
20 Rebecca Otto, “Criminal Forfeitures in Minnesota” (Minnesota Office of the State Auditor, June 4, 2014), 11, http://perma.cc/WM5V-67TV.
21 Ibid., 7.
22 “Guide to Equitable Sharing for State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies” (U.S. Department of Justice, April 2009), 6, http://perma.cc/8Y3G-9C9B.
23 Ibid., 9-11.
24 Marian R. Williams et al., “Policing for Profit: The Abuse of Civil Asset Forfeiture” (Institute for Justice, March 2010), 80, http://perma.cc/X378-SQLX; Adam Bates, “North Carolina Forfeiture Case Reveals Limits of Executive Reform, Government Defensiveness” (Cato Institute, May 4, 2015), http://perma.cc/RLL7-NFM5.
25 Donald J. Kochan, “Reforming Property Forfeiture Laws to Protect Citizens’ Rights” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, 1998), 14, http://perma.cc/89AV-HEFT.
26 L.L. Brasier, “Police Seize Property and Cash in Questionable Raids,” Detroit Free Press, Feb. 23, 2015, http://perma.cc/88C5-4QU5.
27 George Hunter and Doug Guthrie, “Police Property Seizures Ensnare Even the Innocent,” The Detroit News, Nov. 12, 2009, http://perma.cc/G7US-XAW9.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Anne Schieber, “What Are the Real Motives Behind Asset Seizures?,” Michigan Capitol Confidential, Dec. 16, 2014, http://perma.cc/U55B-TXJJ.
32 Marian R. Williams et al., “Policing for Profit: The Abuse of Civil Asset Forfeiture” (Institute for Justice, March 2010), 66, http://perma.cc/X378-SQLX.“
33 Ibid., 44.
34 Michael Greibrok, “Civil Asset Forfeiture: Grading the States” (Freedom Works Foundation, June 8, 2015), 10, http://perma.cc/3NHJ-XMHE.
35 “2014 Asset Forfeiture Report” (Michigan Department of State Police, July 21, 2014), http://perma.cc/9ZT6-MCSV.
36 MCL § 333.7524(1); MCL § 750.159r.
37 MCL 750.159q(3).
38 “Preponderance of the Evidence” (Cornell University Law School), http://perma.cc/BDG4-AN5R.
39 Marian R. Williams et al., “Policing for Profit: The Abuse of Civil Asset Forfeiture” (Institute for Justice, March 2010), 20–22, http://perma.cc/X378-SQLX.
40 Ibid., 63.
41 Ibid.
42 “Civil Asset Forfeiture: 7 Things You Should Know” (The Heritage Foundation, March 26, 2014), http://perma.cc/6869-5RKL.
43 L.L. Brasier, “Police Seize Property and Cash in Questionable Raids,” Detroit Free Press, Feb. 23, 2015, http://perma.cc/88C5-4QU5.
44 Jarrett Skorup, “Bill Would Limit Asset Forfeiture In Michigan Without Criminal Conviction,” Michigan Capitol Confidential (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Dec. 20, 2013), http://perma.cc/5RGE-PUWF.
45 George Hunter and Doug Guthrie, “Wayne Co. Profits from Police Property Seizures,” The Detroit News, Nov. 13, 2009, http://perma.cc/7HRR-9QK8.
46 Donald J. Kochan, “Reforming Property Forfeiture Laws to Protect Citizens’ Rights” (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, 1998), 6, http://perma.cc/89AV-HEFT.
47 Ibid., 7-8.
48 Ibid., 6-7.
49 “Audit of the Assets Forfeiture Fund and Seized Assets Deposit Fund, Fiscal Year 2013” (U.S. Department of Justice, Feb. 2014), 7, http://perma.cc/Q5QC-SWVF.
50 Ibid., 11.
51 Robert O’Harrow Jr., Sari Horwitz and Steven Rich, “Holder Limits Seized-Asset Sharing Process That Split Billions with Local, State Police,” The Washington Post, Jan. 16, 2015.
52 “2012 Asset Forfeiture Report” (Michigan State Police, May 23, 2012), 10; “2014 Asset Forfeiture Report” (Michigan Department of State Police, July 21, 2014), 11, http://perma.cc/9ZT6-MCSV.
53 Marian R. Williams et al., “Policing for Profit: The Abuse of Civil Asset Forfeiture” (Institute for Justice, March 2010), 67, http://perma.cc/X378-SQLX.
54 MCL 333.7524a.
55 Jonathan Oosting, “National Group Throws Weight behind Effort to Fix Michigan Civil Asset Forfeiture Laws,” MLive.com, June 25, 2015, http://perma.cc/9G4T-UAKS.
56 “2014 Asset Forfeiture Report” (Michigan Department of State Police, July 21, 2014), http://perma.cc/9ZT6-MCSV.
57 Marian R. Williams et al., “Policing for Profit: The Abuse of Civil Asset Forfeiture” (Institute for Justice, March 2010), 80, http://perma.cc/X378-SQLX.
58 “SF 874” (Minnesota State Legislature, May 12, 2014), http://perma.cc/Y9F3-PJF3.
59 Gabriel Maliha and Michael Hough, “Asset Forfeiture Reforms Happening in the States” (American Legislative Exchange Council, June 19, 2015), http://perma.cc/K2SM-WBWV.
60 “Official Roll Call: Legislative Day 51, House Bill 560, As Amended” (New Mexico State Senate, March 21, 2015), http://perma.cc/L6DN-SF2A; “HB 560/A - Final Passage” (New Mexico House of Representatives, March 17, 2015), http://perma.cc/H6CQ-X4YS.
61 “House Bill 560” (State of New Mexico, 2015), http://perma.cc/2XB2-KXV9.
62 Ibid., 25-26.
63 Ibid., 20-21.
64 “2014 Asset Forfeiture Report” (Michigan Department of State Police, July 21, 2014), 12, http://perma.cc/9ZT6-MCSV.
65 Marian R. Williams et al., “Policing for Profit: The Abuse of Civil Asset Forfeiture” (Institute for Justice, March 2010), 63, http://perma.cc/X378-SQLX.
66 Ibid., 44.